A Comparison Study of the Metal Oxide Catalysts for the Conversion of Used Cooking Oil into High Grade Chemicals

IF 0.4 Q4 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI:10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.15
Wali Ullah, N. A. Khan, N. H. Syed, M. Habib
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Abstract

Cracking of edible oils occurs at high temperature and forms valued low molecular weight chemical species. The aim of the current study was to find a catalyst which can break these heavy molecules at the lower ranges of temperatures. From the analysis prospective, the non-condensable hydrocarbons (gaseous product species) were not determined and reactions study was carried out in a batch reactor. There was no evident conversion up to a temperature of 450 °C in the absence of catalyst whereas the reaction mixture was left inside a batch reactor for a long duration of an hour. Reaction parameters, such as catalyst types (ZnO and Al2O3), amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, residence or holding time, and heating rate to reach a reaction temperature were systematically examined. Powdered form of catalyst samples (ZnO and Al2O3) were characterized by using XRD, EDX, and Nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Temperatures studied over ZnO catalyst were 400 °C, 425 °C, 450 °C, 475 °C, and 500 °C. The maximum oil conversion was 81 % at a temperature of 450 °C. We observed that the conversion increases from 400 °C to 450 °C, whereas above 450 °C it starts to decrease. However, in comparison to ZnO catalyst the reaction rate was much higher over the Al2O3, i.e. a considerable conversion occurred at lower ranges of temperatures. Thus here a different set of temperatures (330 °C, 370 °C, 390 °C, 410 °C, and 430°C) were used. When reacting for an hour at a temperature of 390 °C, and in the presence of 8 wt.% of Al2O3 (same catalyst mass was used in ZnO reacting system) the conversion reached to 71 %. Above 390 °C the conversion decreased. Over both tested metal oxide catalysts the caloric value, density, flash point, and kinematic viscosity of the liquid product species were similar to petro fuels. The XRD and EDX signature of the catalyst samples corresponds to the standard ZnO and Al2O3 patterns. Finally, when compared to ZnO the better activity over the Al2O3 (higher conversion at lower temperature) catalyst can be linked with a high external surface area.
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废食用油转化为高级化学品的金属氧化物催化剂的比较研究
食用油在高温下发生裂解,形成有价值的低分子量化学物质。目前研究的目的是找到一种催化剂,它可以在较低的温度范围内破坏这些重分子。从分析的角度来看,不凝烃(气态产物种类)没有确定,反应研究是在间歇反应器中进行的。在没有催化剂的情况下,在450°C的温度下没有明显的转化,而反应混合物在间歇式反应器中长时间放置一小时。系统地检查了反应参数,如催化剂类型(ZnO和Al2O3)、催化剂的量、反应温度、停留或保持时间以及达到反应温度的加热速率。使用XRD、EDX和氮吸附等温线对粉末形式的催化剂样品(ZnO和Al2O3)进行了表征。在ZnO催化剂上研究的温度分别为400°C、425°C、450°C、475°C和500°C。在450°C的温度下,最大油转化率为81%。我们观察到,转化率从400°C增加到450°C,而在450°C以上,转化率开始下降。然而,与ZnO催化剂相比,反应速率比Al2O3高得多,即在较低的温度范围内发生了相当大的转化。因此,这里使用了一组不同的温度(330°C、370°C、390°C、410°C和430°C)。当在390°C的温度下反应一小时,并且在8wt.%的Al2O3(在ZnO反应系统中使用相同的催化剂质量)的存在下,转化率达到71%。在390°C以上,转化率降低。在两种测试的金属氧化物催化剂上,液体产品种类的热值、密度、闪点和运动粘度与石油燃料相似。催化剂样品的XRD和EDX特征对应于标准ZnO和Al2O3图案。最后,与ZnO相比,Al2O3催化剂上更好的活性(在较低温度下更高的转化率)可以与高的外表面积联系在一起。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.10
自引率
16.70%
发文量
16
审稿时长
15 weeks
期刊最新文献
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