The ancient quarrying areas of the sandstones used in the UNESCO historical centre of Urbino (Marche, Italy) as inferred from geological, petro-chemical and physical-mechanical investigations

IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Italian Journal of Geosciences Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI:10.3301/IJG.2019.15
P. Santi, F. Veneri, G. Tonelli, A. Renzulli, F. Antonelli, M. Tramontana
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Many buildings of the historical centre of Urbino (Marche, Central Italy), included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, are characterized by portals consisting of sedimentary rocks such as limestones or sandstones. In order to identify the possible quarries of provenance of sandstones used for architecture, we addressed our research to the Sant'Ippolito area (20 km ESE of Urbino), where historical stonemasons have been extensively documented since the 14th century. Few traces of ancient exploitation indicate some extraction sites. All the investigated rocks (both from monumental portals of Urbino and geological outcrops) consist of fine- to medium- grained sandstones with a variable content of bioclasts. Two different groups were recognized (using the petrographic Q-F-R classification diagram): (i) lithic arenites belonging to the Colombacci Formation; and (ii) feldspathic lithic arenites referable to the Tripoli Unit. In particular, petrographic data indicate that the sandstones used in the historical buildings of Urbino, come from the arenitic lithofacies of the Messinian p.p. Colombacci Formation of the Sant'Ippolito area. In addition, comparative geochemical studies of whole rock major and trace elements point out three outcrops of the above formation, as possible sites of ancient extraction. Sandstones of the Tripoli Unit and the Marnoso-Arenacea Formation, widespread in the study area and near Urbino respectively, are ruled out as source rocks, based on both petrographic and geochemical data.Anomalously high values of some heavy elements such as Pb, Zn and As, recognized in some of the portals, likely derive from a combination of various anthropogenic sources of pollution close to the investigated monuments, such as domestic heating and emissions from road traffic in the past.From a mechanical point of view, the uniaxial compressive strength tests, carried out on a representative number of selected samples of the Colombacci Formation lithic arenites, yelded low values and high variability. Other investigated physical parameters also indicate that the stones used for the portals did not represent a good choice as building material. This implies that the stonemasons of Sant’Ippolito chose local raw materials for their availability, aesthetic qualities and good workability, rather than structural properties.
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根据地质、岩石化学和物理力学调查推断,联合国教科文组织乌尔比诺历史中心(意大利马尔凯)使用的砂岩的古代采石区
乌尔比诺历史中心(意大利中部马尔凯)的许多建筑被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录,其特点是大门由石灰岩或砂岩等沉积岩组成。为了确定用于建筑的砂岩来源的可能采石场,我们对Sant’Ipolito地区(Urbino东南20公里)进行了研究,自14世纪以来,该地区的石匠历史已被广泛记录。很少有古代开采的痕迹表明有一些开采遗址。所有被调查的岩石(均来自乌尔比诺的纪念性门户和地质露头)均由细粒至中粒砂岩组成,其中生物碎屑含量可变。识别出两个不同的组(使用岩相Q-F-R分类图):(i)属于Colombacci组的岩屑芳烃;和(ii)的黎波里单元的长石岩屑砂岩。特别是,岩相数据表明,Urbino历史建筑中使用的砂岩来自Sant’Opolito地区Messinian p.p.Colombacci组的芳烃岩相。此外,对全岩主要元素和微量元素的比较地球化学研究指出,上述地层的三个露头可能是古代提取的地点。根据岩相和地球化学数据,分别分布在研究区和乌尔比诺附近的的黎波里单元和Marnoso-Arenacea组的砂岩被排除为烃源岩。一些门户网站中发现的一些重元素(如Pb、Zn和as)的异常高值,可能是由于调查古迹附近的各种人为污染源的结合,如家庭供暖和过去道路交通的排放。从力学角度来看,对Colombacci组岩屑砂屑岩的代表性样本进行的单轴抗压强度测试显示出低值和高可变性。其他调查的物理参数也表明,用于大门的石头并不是一个很好的建筑材料选择。这意味着圣伊波利托的石匠选择当地原材料是因为它们的可用性、美观性和良好的可加工性,而不是结构性能。
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来源期刊
Italian Journal of Geosciences
Italian Journal of Geosciences GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
2.90
自引率
11.10%
发文量
25
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Italian Journal of Geosciences (born from the merging of the Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana and the Bollettino del Servizio Geologico d''Italia) provides an international outlet for the publication of high-quality original research contributions in the broad field of the geosciences. It publishes research papers, special short papers, review papers, discussion-and-replies for their rapid distribution to the international geosciences community. The journal is firstly intended to call attention to the Italian territory and the adjacent areas for the exceptional role they play in the understanding of geological processes, in the development of modern geology and the Earth sciences in general. The main focus of the journal is on the geology of Italy and the surrounding sedimentary basins and landmasses, and on their relationships with the Mediterranean geology and geodynamics. Nevertheless, manuscripts on process-oriented and regional studies concerning any other area of the World are also considered for publication. Papers on structural geology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, basin analysis, paleontology, ecosystems, paleoceanography, paleoclimatology, planetary sciences, geomorphology, volcanology, mineralogy, geochemistry, petrology, geophysics, geodynamics, hydrogeology, geohazards, marine and engineering geology, modelling of geological process, history of geology, the conservation of the geological heritage, and all related applied sciences are welcome.
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