{"title":"Appropriate Location and Deployment Method for Successful Iron Fertilization","authors":"Tai-jin Kim","doi":"10.4236/ojms.2020.103012","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"“High \nnutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into \nsedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic \neruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods \nfor the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries \nof tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur \ncompounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are \nproposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake \nPassage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient \niron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, \nvolcanic ash, agar, N2-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon \nblack, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and \niron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a \nsurface depth of 100 m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete \ncomposite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron \nfertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic \nCircumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its \nefficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and \nhumpback whale stay together (~100 m). \nHumpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron \nfertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn \nfeed on cockpods and diatoms. The successful large-scale iron fertilization may \nbe indicated by the return of the humpback whales if they could not be found \nfor a long period before the iron fertilization. On-line monitoring for the \nsuccessful iron fertilization focuses on the simultaneous changes of the \nfollowing two groups; the increase concentration group (chlorophyll, O2, \nDissolved Oxygen (DO), Di Methyl Sulfide (DMS)) and the decrease concentration \ngroup (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, CO2, Dissolved CO2 (DCO2)). The monitoring of chlorophyll-a, nitrate phosphate, and silicate concentrations after deploying \nthe Fe-replete complex is carried out throughout the day and night for the \naccurate measurement of algal blooms.","PeriodicalId":65849,"journal":{"name":"海洋科学期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"2","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"海洋科学期刊(英文)","FirstCategoryId":"1089","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2020.103012","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Abstract
“High
nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into
sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic
eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods
for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries
of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur
compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are
proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake
Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient
iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay,
volcanic ash, agar, N2-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon
black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and
iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a
surface depth of 100 m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete
composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron
fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its
efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and
humpback whale stay together (~100 m).
Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron
fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn
feed on cockpods and diatoms. The successful large-scale iron fertilization may
be indicated by the return of the humpback whales if they could not be found
for a long period before the iron fertilization. On-line monitoring for the
successful iron fertilization focuses on the simultaneous changes of the
following two groups; the increase concentration group (chlorophyll, O2,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Di Methyl Sulfide (DMS)) and the decrease concentration
group (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, CO2, Dissolved CO2 (DCO2)). The monitoring of chlorophyll-a, nitrate phosphate, and silicate concentrations after deploying
the Fe-replete complex is carried out throughout the day and night for the
accurate measurement of algal blooms.