Comparative analysis of breast cancer detection using machine learning and biosensors

Abstract

Breast cancer is a widely occurring cancer in women worldwide and is related to high mortality. The objective of this review was to present several approaches to investigate the application of multiple algorithms based on machine learning (ML) approach and biosensors for early breast cancer detection. Automation is needed because biosensors and ML are needed to identify cancers based on microscopic images. ML aims to facilitate self-learning in computers. Rather than relying on explicit pre-programmed rules and models, it is based on identifying patterns in observed data and building models to predict outcomes. We have compared and analysed various types of algorithms such as fuzzy extreme learning machine – radial basis function (ELM-RBF), support vector machine (SVM), support vector regression (SVR), relevance vector machine (RVM), naive bayes, k-nearest neighbours algorithm (K-NN), decision tree (DT), artificial neural network (ANN), back-propagation neural network (BPNN), and random forest across different databases including images digitized from fine needle aspirations of breast masses, scanned film mammography, breast infrared images, MR images, data collected by using blood analyses, and histopathology image samples. The results were compared on performance metric elements like accuracy, precision, and recall. Further, we used biosensors to determine the presence of a specific biological analyte by transforming the cellular constituents of proteins, DNA, or RNA into electrical signals that can be detected and analysed. Here, we have compared the detection of different types of analytes such as HER2, miRNA 21, miRNA 155, MCF-7 cells, DNA, BRCA1, BRCA2, human tears, and saliva by using different types of biosensors including FET, electrochemical, and sandwich electrochemical, among others. Several biosensors use a different type of specification which is also discussed. The result of which is analysed on the basis of detection limit, linear ranges, and response time. Different studies and related articles were reviewed and analysed systematically, and those published from 2010 to 2021 were considered. Biosensors and ML both have the potential to detect breast cancer quickly and effectively.