The formation of spinel-group minerals in contaminated soils: the sequestration of metal(loid)s by unexpected incidental nanoparticles

IF 0.9 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Geochemical Transactions Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI:10.1186/s12932-019-0061-3
Michael Schindler, Haley Mantha, Michael F. Hochella Jr.
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引用次数: 9

Abstract

Mineralogical studies of contaminated soils affected by smelter emission and dust from mining activities indicate that minerals of the spinel group are one of the common hosts of metal-bearing contaminants. Spinel group minerals typically originate from high temperature processes, but an increasing number of studies indicate that metal-bearing spinel group minerals can also form under ambient Earth surface conditions in surficial soils. In this contribution to honor Donald Sparks, we show that the spinels Zn-bearing magnetite (Zn0.5Fe2.5O4) and minium (Pb3O4) form during low temperature alteration of Pb-bearing silica glass in surficial organic rich soils in proximity to a former Cu-smelter in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. The glass most likely formed during high-temperature processes and has been either emitted by the smelter or wind-blown from waste rock piles to near-by soils. The alteration of the glass by percolating pore solutions has resulted in the formation of large micrometer-size dendritic etch features and in nanometer-size dendritic alteration halos composed of nano-size prismatic crystals of Zn-rich magnetite and spherical nanoparticles of minium. Both spinel-type phases are embedded in an amorphous silica matrix which formed during the alteration of the glass at low temperature. A review on the occurrence of spinel-group minerals in smelter-affected soils or mine tailings indicates that the formation of these minerals under ambient Earth surface conditions is quite common and often results in the sequestration of contaminants such as Cu, Ni, Zn and Sb. The pedogenic spinels often occur as euhedral crystals in nano-size mineral assemblages within alteration features such as dendritic etch patterns, mineral surface coatings and mineralized organic matter. Their well-developed crystal forms indicate that (a) they have not formed during a rapid cooling process in a smelter or refinery which typically creates spherical particulate matter, and (b) they have not been part of particulate matter added via fluvial or Aeolian processes which most commonly yield anhedral morphologies. The formation of nano-size spinel-group minerals in low temperature environmental settings may lead to the long-term storage of metal(loid)s in mineral phases and their transport over vast distances via fluvial, alluvial and Aeolian processes.

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尖晶石族矿物在污染土壤中的形成:意外偶然的纳米颗粒对金属(样蛋白)的隔离
对受冶炼厂排放物和采矿活动粉尘影响的污染土壤进行的矿物学研究表明,尖晶石类矿物是含金属污染物的常见宿主之一。尖晶石群矿物通常起源于高温过程,但越来越多的研究表明,含金属尖晶石群矿物也可以在地球表面环境条件下在表层土壤中形成。在这篇向Donald Sparks致敬的论文中,我们发现在加拿大安大略省Timmins前铜冶炼厂附近的富有机土壤中,尖晶石含锌磁铁矿(Zn0.5Fe2.5O4)和微量元素(Pb3O4)在含铅硅玻璃的低温蚀变过程中形成。这些玻璃很可能是在高温过程中形成的,要么是冶炼厂排放出来的,要么是被风从废石堆吹到附近的土壤里的。通过渗透孔溶液对玻璃的蚀变,形成了微米大小的树枝状蚀刻特征和纳米大小的树枝状蚀变晕,由纳米大小的富锌磁铁矿柱状晶体和球形纳米粒子组成。这两种尖晶石型相均嵌套在玻璃低温蚀变过程中形成的无定形二氧化硅基体中。对尖晶石群矿物在受冶炼影响的土壤或尾矿中的赋存情况的回顾表明,这些矿物在地球表面环境条件下的形成是相当普遍的,往往导致Cu、Ni、Zn和Sb等污染物的封存。成土尖晶石通常以自面体晶体的形式出现在纳米级矿物组合中,存在于树枝状蚀蚀图案、矿物表面涂层和矿化有机质等蚀变特征中。它们发育良好的晶体形式表明(a)它们不是在冶炼厂或精炼厂的快速冷却过程中形成的,这种冷却过程通常会产生球形颗粒物质,(b)它们不是通过河流或风成过程添加的颗粒物质的一部分,这些颗粒物质最常产生四面体形态。纳米尖晶石群矿物在低温环境下的形成可能导致金属(样态)在矿物阶段的长期储存,并通过河流、冲积和风成过程远距离运输。
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来源期刊
Geochemical Transactions
Geochemical Transactions 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
4.30%
发文量
2
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Geochemical Transactions publishes high-quality research in all areas of chemistry as it relates to materials and processes occurring in terrestrial and extraterrestrial systems.
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