Decreased hippocampal microglial cell activation by methanolic extract from the leaves of Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll. Arg contributes to its antidepressant-like effect

Abstract

Background: Natural remedies with neuroprotective effect are useful in neuroinflammation-associated depression. Although Mallotus oppositifolius extract (MOE) has previously demonstrated antidepressant and anti-inflammatory properties, its neuroprotective effect remains unknown. Thus, the study evaluated the effect of MOE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation-associated depression in mice. Methods: Antidepressant-like effect of MOE (10 - 100 mg/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and minocycline (50 mg/kg) was established in naïve Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice using the forced swim (FST), tail suspension (TST) and open-space swim (OSST) tests. In a separate experiment, FST and TST were used to assess the effect of an 11-day pre-treatment with MOE (10 - 100 mg/kg) or minocycline (50 mg/kg) on LPS (1 mg/kg) neuroinflammation at 6 and 24 hours post LPS. Following these tests, mice were sacrificed and their hippocampi isolated to evaluate their resting and activated microglial cells using Golgi-Cox staining technique. Open-field test was used to assess locomotor activity. Results: MOE, fluoxetine and minocycline significantly reduced immobility in FST, TST and OSST compared to vehicle (p < 0.05), confirming their antidepressant-like effect. Interestingly, MOE’s antidepressant-like effect was faster than fluoxetine and minocycline. Conversely, LPS treatment increased immobility behavior at 6 and 24 hours, suggestive of neuroinflammation-induced depression. Compared to vehicle group, pre-treatment with MOE and minocycline ameliorated LPS-induced hippocampal microglial activation and reversed increased immobility behavior without affecting locomotor activity (p < 0.05).  Resting microglial cell count was significantly increased by MOE pre-treatment in the OSST-challenged mice compared to vehicle group (p < 0.01). Similarly, MOE pre-treatment reversed LPS-induced reduction in resting microglial count, and restored resting microglial count to normal levels compared to LPS naive vehicle group. Conclusions: Collectively, the results suggest that MOE exerts neuroprotective effect against LPS-induced neuroinflammation by decreasing the activation of microglia and increasing resting microglial count. This contributes to its antidepressant-like effect.