Flight polymorphism drives metacommunity structure of aquatic Heteroptera in tropical rock pools

Abstract

Rock pool metacommunities are shaped by the dispersal ability of organisms, which together with environmental heterogeneity, determine whether the metacommunity is structured more by environmental or spatial factors. To understand the effect of interspecific differences in dispersal capacity on beta diversity patterns and metacommunity structure, we studied aquatic Heteroptera (an actively dispersing insect group with species exhibiting flight polymorphism) in the rock pools on three outcrops in the Western Ghats, India. We used an abundance-based gamma diversity partitioning framework to assess the percent contributions of similarity (S) and the decompositions of beta diversity-abundance difference (D) and abundance replacement (R) to community structure for two mobility groups, that is, flying and flightless species. We compared the variation in beta diversity components “D” and “R” within and between outcrops for both mobility groups. We also studied the effects of the local environment on both mobility groups using redundancy analysis. Percent contributions of “S”, “D” and “R” changed according to the mobility group, with higher nestedness (S+D) in flying species (74.2%) and higher beta diversity (R+D) in flightless species (76.3%). There was a significant variation in overall beta diversity between outcrops for the respective mobility groups, caused by abundance difference for flying species (p = .003) and by abundance replacement for flightless species (p = .003). Flying and flightless species were not associated with different environmental variables. Our study demonstrates that dispersal capacity is responsible for structuring regional diversity, with distinct sources of dissimilarity being associated with each mobility group: Abundance replacements between assemblages imposed by dispersal limitation for flightless species and abundance differences in assemblages of flying species, which might reflect the carrying capacity of the habitats.