Comparison of the Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment with Adenotonsillectomy Procedures in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Abstract

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA) is a syndrome of total or partial obstruction of the airways, leading to significant disturbances with varying clinical impact. In children, the main cause is thought to be overgrowth (hypertrophy) of the tonsils and adenoids, as well as structural abnormalities in Pierre Robin and Down Syndrome. The airway structures are significantly narrowed in children with head-face bone abnormalities or craniofacial anomalies, causing them to experience airway obstruction even in the absence of adenoid hypertrophy. The incidence of OSA in children needs to be observed as well as rising risk factors such as obesity. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is typically treated with an adenotonsillectomy and the use of orthodontic procedures including rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular advancement devices. Each approach has different treatment advantages. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of OSA treatments have been reported, however there have been relatively few comparisons of various treatments. In a systematic review of the evidence for the efficacy of AT and orthodontic treatment, Templier et al. concluded that combined AT orthodontic treatment (RME and/or MAD) was more effective than either therapy alone for treating OSA in pediatric patients. Objective: To systemically analyze the literature on the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with adenotonsillectomy surgery in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to identify differences in the two treatments’ effectiveness. Conclusion and implications: The effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy, orthodontic treatment, and orthodontic treatment combined with adenotonsillectomy was assessed in children with mild OSA and mandibular retrognathia. That study, which needed a large sample size (352 children) and had a high dropout rate, revealed that combine orthodontic adenotonsillectomy (RME and/or MAD treatment) was more effective when given simultaneously than when given individually for treating OSA in pediatric patients. To date, the effectiveness of these two treatments cannot currently be compared due to a lack of strong evidence. If the treatment outcomes were unsatisfactory at 7 months after the initial treatment, subjects could receive further treatment following assessment by a stomatologist and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. Limitations: Of the 10 publications included in this review, 8 were randomized controlled trials, the remaining 2 non-randomized research journals were vulnerable to many biases that impair the certainty of the evidence gained, especially by confounding factors and the lack of control groups.