Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors: PS to Hague Academy Lectures

D. Tladi
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Abstract

In July 2021, the author presented a Special Course for the Hague Academy of International Law Summer Courses on the Extraterritorial Use of Force against Non-State Actors. The course focused on two bases for the extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors, namely self-defence and intervention by invitation. The lectures came to a conclusion that may, at first glance, appear contradictory. With respect to the use of force in self-defence, the lectures adopted a restrictive (non-permissive) approach in which the use of force is not permitted save in narrowly construed exceptions. With respect to intervention by invitation, the lectures adopted a more permissive approach in which the use of force is generally permitted and prohibited only in narrowly construed exceptions. This article serves as post-script (PS), to explain the apparent contradiction. It concludes that the main reason for this apparent contradiction is the application of the fundamental principles of international law—sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence—which are consistent with intervention by invitation but are undermined by self-defence against non-state actors.
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对非国家行为者在域外使用武力:海牙学院演讲附言
2021年7月,提交人为海牙国际法学院开设了一门关于对非国家行为者在域外使用武力的暑期特别课程。课程侧重于对非国家行为者域外使用武力的两个基础,即自卫和应邀干预。这些讲座得出的结论乍一看可能自相矛盾。关于在自卫中使用武力,讲座采取了一种限制性(非允许性)方法,除狭义的例外情况外,不允许使用武力。关于邀请干预,讲座采取了一种更为宽容的方法,即一般允许使用武力,只有在狭义的例外情况下才禁止使用武力。本文作为后脚本(PS),来解释明显的矛盾。它的结论是,造成这种明显矛盾的主要原因是适用国际法的基本原则——主权、领土完整和独立——这些原则与邀请干预相一致,但因针对非国家行为者的自卫而受到损害。
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