Contracting for Sex? “True Story” of the so-called “Comfort Women” during World War II

Y. Hosaka
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Abstract

Criticism has erupted around the world over the paper “Contracting for sex in the Pacific War” written by Mark Ramseyer, a Mitsubishi professor at Harvard University Law School. Ramseyer insists tha “comfort women” by Japanese imperial military made “credible contracts” with recruiters regardless of the Japanese government or the Japanese military. Ramseyer further insists that the “comfort women” were certified prostitutes. However, the Japanese government selected recruiters secretly and provided them with convenience in mobilizing women. Recruiters have deceived women, mainly by job fraud, into kidnapping them to military brothels. The recruiters signed with Japanese women as barmaids (shakuhu), meaning women who served drinks. However, the Japanese military brothels were prohibited from drinking. Almost Korean women were illiterate in 1940’s, so recruiters did not make contract papers with them. It was very easy to deceive Korean women to make sexual slaves of Japanese military. The surviving Japanese military’s surgeon or soldiers testified that Korean “comfort women” had been sexual slaves.
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性合同?二战期间所谓“慰安妇”的“真实故事”
美国哈佛大学法学院教授马克•拉姆塞耶撰写的论文《太平洋战争中的性契约》引发了世界范围内的批评。拉姆塞耶坚持认为,日本帝国军队的“慰安妇”与招募者签订了“可信的合同”,而不管日本政府或日本军队。拉姆塞耶进一步坚称,“慰安妇”是经过认证的妓女。但是,日本政府秘密挑选了招募人员,并为招募女性提供了便利。招聘者主要通过工作诈骗来欺骗女性,将她们绑架到军队妓院。招聘人员与日本女性签约成为酒吧女招待(shakuhu),意思是提供饮料的女性。然而,日本军队妓院是禁止饮酒的。在20世纪40年代,几乎韩国女性都是文盲,所以招聘人员不会与她们签订合同。欺骗韩国妇女成为日军的性奴隶是非常容易的事情。幸存的日本军医或士兵作证说,韩国“慰安妇”是性奴隶。
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