Why do males stay in biparental burying beetles?

Abstract

Biparental associations are rare in most taxa. A second parent should stay with its current brood only to enhance brood fitness or to increase its own future breeding opportunities. I compared the breeding performance of Nicrophorus defodiens pairs and single females while confronting a conspecific male intruder. Pairs fared better than single females in defending a brood, and age had a strong effect on contest outcomes even though defenders and intruders were of the same age. Pairs also produced larger broods than single females, but only on larger carcasses. The results and a review of prior studies suggest that the benefits for a male that stays with a partner during the post-hatch period, whether gains from offspring success or protecting mating opportunities, are observed primarily in the context of intruder pressure, and that paternal care such as regurgitations to young and nest maintenance would not have evolved in a rival-free world.