Characteristics and abnormal rate of electrocardiogram in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Abstract

Objective To analyze the characteristics and abnormalities of electrocardiograms (ECG) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and to provide evidences for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods The ECG results of 1 131 HIV/AIDS patients and 5 622 non-HIV/AIDS subjects from Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center were involved. The abnormality rates and characteristics of ECG were compared between the two groups. CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios were measured in HIV/AIDS patients. The comparison between two groups was conducted by chi-square test. Logistic regression model was used to explore the factors associated with ECG abnormalities in HIV/AIDS patients. Results There were 611 cases (54.02%) out of 1 131 HIV/AIDS patients with abnormal ECG. The common abnormal ECG types were sinus tachycardia 239 cases (39.12%), sinus rhythm with ST-T changes 115 cases (18.82%) and sinus bradycardia 55 cases (9.00%). There were 1 958 cases (34.83%) out of 5 622 cases of non-HIV/AIDS subjects with abnormal ECG. The common ECG abnormality types were sinus bradycardia 633 cases (32.33%), sinus rhythm with ST-T changes 463 cases (23.65%) and sinus arrhythmia 256 cases (13.07%). The abnormal rate of ECG in HIV/AIDS patients was significantly higher than that in non-HIV/AIDS subjects (χ2=140.39, P<0.01). The abnormal rates of ECG in HIV/AIDS patients <50 years old and ≥50 years old were both higher than those of non-HIV/AIDS subjects in the corresponding age group, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=111.92 and 52.12, respectively, both P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of abnormal ECG in HIV-infected individuals compared with non-HIV/AIDS individuals (odds ratio (OR)=2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.00-2.60, P<0.01). The risk of ECG abnormality increased in patients aged ≥50 years(OR=1.60, 95%CI 1.45-1.77, P<0.01). The ECG abnormal distribution patterns were significantly different between different levels of CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios in HIV/AIDS patients (χ2= 12.92, 10.99 and 16.48, respectively, all P<0.05 ). The risk of ECG abnormality increased in HIV/AIDS patients aged ≥50 years (OR=1.50, 95%CI 1.15-1.96, P<0.01). When CD8+ T lymphocyte counts ≥500/μL, the risk of ECG abnormalities reduced (OR=0.75, 95%CI 0.58-0.96, P<0.01). Conclusions The abnormal rate of ECG in patients with HIV/AIDS is high. The sinus tachycardia and sinus rhythm with ST-T segment changes are common. The risk of ECG abnormality increases in HIV/AIDS patients aged ≥50 years old and reduces when the CD8+ T lymphocyte counts ≥500/μL. Type distribution of ECG abnormalities is associated with cellular immune status of patients. Key words: Electrocardiography; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Influencing factors; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD8 lymphocyte count