Individual and combined toxicity of sulfamethoxazole and desethylatrazine to Chlorella vulgaris: growth inhibition, photosynthetic activity and oxidative stress

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Chemistry and Ecology Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI:10.1080/02757540.2023.2189893

Tianxu Zhang, Yan Song, Weiying Xu, Nannan Lu, Yan Chen, R. Jia, Shaohua Sun

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Abstract

ABSTRACT The influence of emerging contaminants on the composition of aquatic ecosystems, including antibiotics and pesticide metabolites, is receiving increasing attention. In this study, the acute and chronic toxic effects of single and combined exposure to sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and desethylatrazine (DEA) on Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) were evaluated in terms of growth, pigment content and antioxidant systems. The findings demonstrated that cytochrome content and cell growth followed a similar trend for both single and combined exposures, with C. vulgaris being affected in a dose-dependent manner, and chlorophyll content decreasing at high exposures. For SMX and DEA, the maximum inhibition rates at a single exposure were 95.14% and 87.31%, respectively. Cell membrane permeability, superoxide dismutase content and catalase release were significantly increased in the early stages of cultivation. Additionally, cell density was used to calculate the single exposure half effect concentration (EC50), which was then used as part of the toxic unit (TU) method for evaluating mixture interactions. TU analysis revealed that the interaction between SMX and DEA shifted from being synergistic to being antagonistic after 7 d of incubation. These results suggest that SMX and DEA may play a significant role in aquatic ecosystems. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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磺胺甲恶唑和去乙基latrazine对小球藻的单独和联合毒性:生长抑制、光合活性和氧化应激

摘要新出现的污染物对水生生态系统组成的影响，包括抗生素和农药代谢产物，正受到越来越多的关注。本研究从生长、色素含量和抗氧化系统等方面评价了磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和去乙基四嗪（DEA）对小球藻（C.vulgaris）的急性和慢性毒性作用。研究结果表明，细胞色素含量和细胞生长在单次和联合暴露中都遵循相似的趋势，寻常C.vulgaris受到剂量依赖性的影响，高暴露时叶绿素含量下降。对于SMX和DEA，单次暴露的最大抑制率分别为95.14%和87.31%。细胞膜通透性、超氧化物歧化酶含量和过氧化氢酶释放在培养的早期阶段显著增加。此外，细胞密度用于计算单次暴露半效浓度（EC50），然后将其作为毒性单位（TU）方法的一部分用于评估混合物相互作用。TU分析表明，SMX与DEA的相互作用在培养7d后由协同作用转变为拮抗作用。这些结果表明，SMX和DEA可能在水生生态系统中发挥重要作用。图形摘要

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来源期刊

Chemistry and Ecology 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.20

自引率

16.00%

发文量

审稿时长

3.7 months

期刊介绍： Chemistry and Ecology publishes original articles, short notes and occasional reviews on the relationship between chemistry and ecological processes. This journal reflects how chemical form and state, as well as other basic properties, are critical in their influence on biological systems and that understanding of the routes and dynamics of the transfer of materials through atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic systems, and the associated effects, calls for an integrated treatment. Chemistry and Ecology will help promote the ecological assessment of a changing chemical environment and in the development of a better understanding of ecological functions.