33 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: pathogenesis, therapies and disease modulation

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a prevalent heritable cardiac disorder, characterised by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with the triad of myocyte hypertrophy, disarray, and interstitial fibrosis.1 Such pathological hallmarks impact diastolic function and contribute to adverse clinical outcomes: arrhythmias, progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac death.2 To date, none of the available armamentaria has been shown to fundamentally modify disease progression, or to benefit genotype-positive, phenotype-negative or preclinical HCM patients. Multiple genetic studies have identified considerable numbers of HCM-causing mutations in human sarcomere protein genes, and mice engineered to carry such human mutations recapitulated key phenotypes of HCM.1 3 This has provided remarkable opportunities to identify the novel therapeutics at the molecular levels, and allowed us to integrate gene-based diagnostics into clinical management of preclinical HCM.2 Studies in HCM mouse models have illustrated the importance of activated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway in the early development of HCM. Treatment with either TGF-β neutralising antibodies or with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan, was shown to retard and prevent HCM development in mouse models.4 Lately, MYK-461, the first allosteric inhibitor of the cardiac myosin adenosine triphosphate (ATPase), has been shown to reduce left ventricular contractility and attenuate HCM development in mouse models of HCM.5 Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate and investigate these two promising disease-modifying therapies in HCM patients. References Teekakirikul P, Padera RF, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Translating cellular cross talk into therapeutics. J Cell Biol 2012;199:417–421. Teekakirikul P, Kelly MA, Rehm HL, Lakdawala NK, Funke BH. Inherited cardiomyopathies: Molecular genetics and clinical genetic testing in the postgenomic era. J Mol Diagnostics 2013;15:158–170. Burke MA, Cook SA, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Clinical and mechanistic insights into the genetics of cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2871–2886. Teekakirikul P, Eminaga S, Toka O, Alcalai R, Wang L, Wakimoto H, Nayor M, Konno T, Gorham JM, Wolf CM, Kim JB, Schmitt JP, Molkentin JD, Norris RA, Tager AM, Hoffman SR, Markwald RR, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Cardiac fibrosis in mice with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is mediated by non-myocyte proliferation and requires Tgf-β. J Clin Invest 2010;120:3520–3529. Green EM, Wakimoto H, Anderson RL, Evanchik MJ, Gorham JM, Harrison BC, Henze M, Kawas R, Oslob JD, Rodriguez HM, Song Y, Wan W, Leinwand LA, Spudich JA, McDowell RS, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. A small-molecule inhibitor of sarcomere contractility suppresses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in mice. Science 2016;351:617–621.