Universální život a život lidský. K ontologii přírody u Jana Patočky a Maurice Merleau-Pontyho

Q3 Arts and Humanities Reflexe Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI:10.14712/25337637.2021.17
Martin Rabas
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Abstract

The present article has two objectives. One is to elucidate the philosophical approach presented in the so-called Strahov Systematic Manuscripts of Jan Patočka in terms of consciousness and nature. The other is to compare this philosophical approach with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theses on nature, as elaborated in 1956–1961, and to point out some advantages and limitations of both approaches. In our opinion, Patočka’s philosophical approach consists, on the one hand, in a descriptive analysis of human experience, which he understands as a pre-reflective self-relationship pointing towards the consciousness of the world. On the other hand, on the basis of this descriptive analysis Patočka consequently explicates all non-human life, inorganic matter, and finally the whole of nature as life in its own right, the essence of which is also a certain self-relation with a tendency towards consciousness. The article then briefly presents Merleau-Ponty’s theses on nature, and finally compares them with Patočka’s overall theses on nature. The advantage of Patočka’s notion of nature as against Merleau-Ponty’s is that, in Patočka’s view, nature encompasses both the principle of unity and individuality. On the other hand, the advantage of Merleau-Ponty’s understanding of nature as against Patočka’s lies in the consistent interconnectedness of the infinite life of nature and the finite life of individual beings.
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宇宙生命和人类生命。简·帕托卡与莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂的自然本体论
本条有两个目的。一个是从意识和自然的角度来阐明扬·帕托奇卡的所谓Strahov系统手稿中提出的哲学方法。另一种是将这种哲学方法与莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂在1956–1961年阐述的关于自然的论文进行比较,并指出这两种方法的一些优点和局限性。在我们看来,Patočka的哲学方法一方面包括对人类经验的描述性分析,他将其理解为指向世界意识的预先反思的自我关系。另一方面,在这种描述性分析的基础上,Patočka因此解释了所有非人类生命、无机物,以及最终作为生命的整个自然,其本质也是某种具有意识倾向的自我关系。然后简要介绍了梅洛-庞蒂关于自然的论述,并与帕托卡关于自然的总体论述进行了比较。Patočka的自然观与Merleau-Ponti的自然观相比,其优势在于,在Patčka看来,自然既包含统一原则,也包含个性原则。另一方面,梅洛-庞蒂对自然的理解与帕托卡的理解相比,其优势在于自然的无限生命与个体的有限生命之间始终存在着相互联系。
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来源期刊
Reflexe
Reflexe Arts and Humanities-Philosophy
CiteScore
0.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
30
审稿时长
25 weeks
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