Macrocyclic Peptides Closed by a Thioether–Bipyridyl Unit That Grants Cell Membrane Permeability

Abstract

Membrane permeability is an important factor that determines the virtue of peptides targeting intracellular molecules. By introducing a membrane penetration motif, some peptides exhibit better membrane permeabilities. Previous choices for such motifs have usually been polycationic sequences, but their protease vulnerabilities and modest endosome escapability remain challenging. Here, we report a strategy for macrocyclization of peptides closed by a hydrophobic bipyridyl (BPy) unit, which grants an improvement of their membrane permeability and proteolytic stability compared with the conventional polycationic peptides. We chemically prepared model macrocyclic peptides closed by a thioether–BPy unit and determined their cell membrane permeability, giving 200 nM CP50 (an indicative value of membrane permeability), which is 40-fold better than that of the ordinary thioether macrocycle consisting of the same sequence composition. To discover potent target binders consisting of the BPy unit, we reprogrammed the initiator with chloromethyl–BPy (ClMeBPy) for the peptide library synthesis with a downstream Cys residue(s) and executed RaPID (Random nonstandard Peptide Integrated Discovery) against the bromodomains of BRD4. One of the obtained sequences exhibited a single-digit nanomolar dissociation constant against BRD4 in vitro and showed approximately 2-fold and 10-fold better membrane permeability than positive controls, R9 and Tat peptides, respectively. Moreover, we observed an intracellular activity of the BPy macrocycle tagged with a proteasome target peptide motif (RRRG), resulting in modest but detectable degradation of BRD4. The present demonstration indicates that the combination of the RaPID system with an appropriate hydrophobic unit, such as BPy, would provide a potential approach for devising cell penetrating macrocycles targeting various intracellular proteins.