Novel green synthesis of tin nanoparticles by medicinal plant: Chemical characterization and determination of cytotoxicity, cutaneous wound healing and antioxidant properties

Abstract

In the present study, tin nanoparticles were green-synthesized using the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare leaf aqueous extract. The synthesized SnNPs (tin nanoparticles) were characterized by analytical techniques including EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), UV–vis and FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared). The cytotoxicity activity of SnNPs was evaluated using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The nanoparticles were formed in a spherical shape in the range size of 26.45–38.53 nm. In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of F. vulgare, SnNPs@FV (Sn nanoparticles@ F. vulgare) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals were 384, 119 and 71 µg/mL, respectively. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with SnNPs@FV were assessed by MTT assay for 48h about the cytotoxicity property on normal HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cell line. In vivo experiment, SnNPs@FV ointment significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil and lymphocyte and notably increased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, vessel, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid and fibrocyte compared to other groups in rats. Further clinical trials are necessary for confirmation of these remedial properties of SnNPs@FV in humans.