A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram-negative bacteria

IF 3.9 3区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY MicrobiologyOpen Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI:10.1002/mbo3.1384
Ralf Lucassen, Nicole van Leuven, Dirk Bockmühl
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Abstract

Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 108 colony-forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the route of contamination remains elusive. To address this point, we determined the microbial contamination of refillable standard pump dispensers and nonrefillable press-dispenser systems. Following the collection of 104 liquid soap dispensers from hotel rooms across Germany, bacterial counts were determined. Isolates of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative(lac−) bacteria were further analyzed by the Vitek 2 system for the determination of species. 70.2% of the refillable pump dispensers (mean total bacterial count = 2.2 × 105 CFU/mL) but only 10.6% of the nonrefillable press dispensers, were contaminated (mean total bacterial count = 1.5 × 101 CFU/mL). Of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative(lac−) bacteria, Pluralibacter gergoviae was present in 41.7%, Pseudomonads (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida) in 25%, Serratia marcescens in 16.7%, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Pasteurella testudinis in 8.3%. After the initial assessment, we contaminated different dispensing systems with P. aeruginosa/P. gergoviae, to reveal the route of contamination and identied the pressure release of standard pump dispensers as the loophole for microbial contamination.

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肥皂分配器中的一个漏洞介导了革兰氏阴性菌的污染
液体肥皂分配器广泛应用于家庭和临床环境中。在之前的研究中,指出了可再填充系统的细菌污染风险,细菌污染率为25%,最高可达108 菌落形成单位/mL(CFU/mL)。然而,污染途径仍然难以捉摸。为了解决这一点,我们确定了可再填充标准泵式分配器和不可再填充压力分配器系统的微生物污染。在从德国各地的酒店房间收集了104台液体肥皂分配器后,对细菌计数进行了测定。通过Vitek 2系统进一步分析含有非致病性革兰氏阴性菌(lac−)的样品的分离物,以确定物种。70.2%的可再填充泵式分配器(平均细菌总数 = 2.2 × 105 CFU/mL),但只有10.6%的不可回收压力分配器受到污染(平均细菌总数 = 1.5 × 101 CFU/mL)。在含有非致病性革兰氏阴性菌(lac−)的样本中,葛氏多菌占41.7%,假单胞菌(铜绿假单胞菌和恶臭假单胞菌)占25%,粘质沙雷氏菌占16.7%,氧化克雷伯菌和巴氏杆菌占8.3%。gergoviae,揭示了污染的途径,并将标准泵分配器的压力释放确定为微生物污染的漏洞。
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来源期刊
MicrobiologyOpen
MicrobiologyOpen MICROBIOLOGY-
CiteScore
8.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
78
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: MicrobiologyOpen is a peer reviewed, fully open access, broad-scope, and interdisciplinary journal delivering rapid decisions and fast publication of microbial science, a field which is undergoing a profound and exciting evolution in this post-genomic era. The journal aims to serve the research community by providing a vehicle for authors wishing to publish quality research in both fundamental and applied microbiology. Our goal is to publish articles that stimulate discussion and debate, as well as add to our knowledge base and further the understanding of microbial interactions and microbial processes. MicrobiologyOpen gives prompt and equal consideration to articles reporting theoretical, experimental, applied, and descriptive work in all aspects of bacteriology, virology, mycology and protistology, including, but not limited to: - agriculture - antimicrobial resistance - astrobiology - biochemistry - biotechnology - cell and molecular biology - clinical microbiology - computational, systems, and synthetic microbiology - environmental science - evolutionary biology, ecology, and systematics - food science and technology - genetics and genomics - geobiology and earth science - host-microbe interactions - infectious diseases - natural products discovery - pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry - physiology - plant pathology - veterinary microbiology We will consider submissions across unicellular and cell-cluster organisms: prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) and eukaryotes (fungi, protists, microalgae, lichens), as well as viruses and prions infecting or interacting with microorganisms, plants and animals, including genetic, biochemical, biophysical, bioinformatic and structural analyses. The journal features Original Articles (including full Research articles, Method articles, and Short Communications), Commentaries, Reviews, and Editorials. Original papers must report well-conducted research with conclusions supported by the data presented in the article. We also support confirmatory research and aim to work with authors to meet reviewer expectations. MicrobiologyOpen publishes articles submitted directly to the journal and those referred from other Wiley journals.
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