A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram-negative bacteria

IF 3.9 3区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY MicrobiologyOpen Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI:10.1002/mbo3.1384
Ralf Lucassen, Nicole van Leuven, Dirk Bockmühl
{"title":"A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram-negative bacteria","authors":"Ralf Lucassen,&nbsp;Nicole van Leuven,&nbsp;Dirk Bockmühl","doi":"10.1002/mbo3.1384","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 10<sup>8</sup> colony-forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the route of contamination remains elusive. To address this point, we determined the microbial contamination of refillable standard pump dispensers and nonrefillable press-dispenser systems. Following the collection of 104 liquid soap dispensers from hotel rooms across Germany, bacterial counts were determined. Isolates of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative<sup>(lac−)</sup> bacteria were further analyzed by the Vitek 2 system for the determination of species. 70.2% of the refillable pump dispensers (mean total bacterial count = 2.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/mL) but only 10.6% of the nonrefillable press dispensers, were contaminated (mean total bacterial count = 1.5 × 10<sup>1</sup> CFU/mL). Of samples containing <i>nonfastidious Gram-negative</i><sup>(lac−)</sup> bacteria, <i>Pluralibacter gergoviae</i> was present in 41.7%, <i>Pseudomonads</i> (<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>) in 25%, <i>Serratia marcescens</i> in 16.7%, and <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> and <i>Pasteurella testudinis</i> in 8.3%. After the initial assessment, we contaminated different dispensing systems with <i>P. aeruginosa/P. gergoviae</i>, to reveal the route of contamination and identied the pressure release of standard pump dispensers as the loophole for microbial contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":18573,"journal":{"name":"MicrobiologyOpen","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mbo3.1384","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"MicrobiologyOpen","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mbo3.1384","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 108 colony-forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the route of contamination remains elusive. To address this point, we determined the microbial contamination of refillable standard pump dispensers and nonrefillable press-dispenser systems. Following the collection of 104 liquid soap dispensers from hotel rooms across Germany, bacterial counts were determined. Isolates of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative(lac−) bacteria were further analyzed by the Vitek 2 system for the determination of species. 70.2% of the refillable pump dispensers (mean total bacterial count = 2.2 × 105 CFU/mL) but only 10.6% of the nonrefillable press dispensers, were contaminated (mean total bacterial count = 1.5 × 101 CFU/mL). Of samples containing nonfastidious Gram-negative(lac−) bacteria, Pluralibacter gergoviae was present in 41.7%, Pseudomonads (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida) in 25%, Serratia marcescens in 16.7%, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Pasteurella testudinis in 8.3%. After the initial assessment, we contaminated different dispensing systems with P. aeruginosa/P. gergoviae, to reveal the route of contamination and identied the pressure release of standard pump dispensers as the loophole for microbial contamination.

Abstract Image

查看原文
分享 分享
微信好友 朋友圈 QQ好友 复制链接
本刊更多论文
肥皂分配器中的一个漏洞介导了革兰氏阴性菌的污染
液体肥皂分配器广泛应用于家庭和临床环境中。在之前的研究中,指出了可再填充系统的细菌污染风险,细菌污染率为25%,最高可达108 菌落形成单位/mL(CFU/mL)。然而,污染途径仍然难以捉摸。为了解决这一点,我们确定了可再填充标准泵式分配器和不可再填充压力分配器系统的微生物污染。在从德国各地的酒店房间收集了104台液体肥皂分配器后,对细菌计数进行了测定。通过Vitek 2系统进一步分析含有非致病性革兰氏阴性菌(lac−)的样品的分离物,以确定物种。70.2%的可再填充泵式分配器(平均细菌总数 = 2.2 × 105 CFU/mL),但只有10.6%的不可回收压力分配器受到污染(平均细菌总数 = 1.5 × 101 CFU/mL)。在含有非致病性革兰氏阴性菌(lac−)的样本中,葛氏多菌占41.7%,假单胞菌(铜绿假单胞菌和恶臭假单胞菌)占25%,粘质沙雷氏菌占16.7%,氧化克雷伯菌和巴氏杆菌占8.3%。gergoviae,揭示了污染的途径,并将标准泵分配器的压力释放确定为微生物污染的漏洞。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 去求助
来源期刊
MicrobiologyOpen
MicrobiologyOpen MICROBIOLOGY-
CiteScore
8.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
78
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊介绍: MicrobiologyOpen is a peer reviewed, fully open access, broad-scope, and interdisciplinary journal delivering rapid decisions and fast publication of microbial science, a field which is undergoing a profound and exciting evolution in this post-genomic era. The journal aims to serve the research community by providing a vehicle for authors wishing to publish quality research in both fundamental and applied microbiology. Our goal is to publish articles that stimulate discussion and debate, as well as add to our knowledge base and further the understanding of microbial interactions and microbial processes. MicrobiologyOpen gives prompt and equal consideration to articles reporting theoretical, experimental, applied, and descriptive work in all aspects of bacteriology, virology, mycology and protistology, including, but not limited to: - agriculture - antimicrobial resistance - astrobiology - biochemistry - biotechnology - cell and molecular biology - clinical microbiology - computational, systems, and synthetic microbiology - environmental science - evolutionary biology, ecology, and systematics - food science and technology - genetics and genomics - geobiology and earth science - host-microbe interactions - infectious diseases - natural products discovery - pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry - physiology - plant pathology - veterinary microbiology We will consider submissions across unicellular and cell-cluster organisms: prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) and eukaryotes (fungi, protists, microalgae, lichens), as well as viruses and prions infecting or interacting with microorganisms, plants and animals, including genetic, biochemical, biophysical, bioinformatic and structural analyses. The journal features Original Articles (including full Research articles, Method articles, and Short Communications), Commentaries, Reviews, and Editorials. Original papers must report well-conducted research with conclusions supported by the data presented in the article. We also support confirmatory research and aim to work with authors to meet reviewer expectations. MicrobiologyOpen publishes articles submitted directly to the journal and those referred from other Wiley journals.
期刊最新文献
Listeria monocytogenes in the seafood industry: Exploring contamination sources, outbreaks, antibiotic susceptibility and genetic diversity Influence of microbiota on the growth and gene expression of Clostridioides difficile in an in vitro coculture model The metagenomic landscape of a high-altitude geothermal spring in Tajikistan reveals a novel Desulfurococcaceae member, Zestomicrobium tamdykulense gen. nov., sp. nov High-quality genome of a novel Thermosynechococcaceae species from Namibia and characterization of its protein expression patterns at elevated temperatures The effects of stress on gut virome: Implications on infectious disease and systemic disorders
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
已复制链接
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
×
扫码分享
扫码分享
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1