Spatial clustering and drivers of open defecation practice in India: Findings from the fifth round of National Family Health Survey (2019-21)

Abstract

Background

India implemented a basket of public health developmental packages to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6—providing access to clean water and adequate sanitation for all by 2030. Though the country is getting closer to being free of open defecation, the pace of progress varies spatially. Therefore, the current study is relevant to explore determinants of practicing open defecation at the small area level in India.

Methods

The present study included the latest National Family and Health Survey (2019–21) and applied both non-spatial (bivariate statistics with ꭔ² test and multivariate logistic regression) and spatial analyses (Univariate and bivariate LISA Moran I, OLS, SLM, and SEM) to assess the national level predictors and spatially auto-correlated determinants of practicing open defecation.

Results

In India, almost one-fifth of households practiced open defecation, mainly clustered in the Middle Ganges Plain, central, and eastern region. A significant rural-urban and poor-rich gap in open defecation practice was also observed. The spatial clusters of lower-educated individuals, poorest wealth quintile, backward social groups, and rural residence were found to be prone to open defecation practice. Housing condition and water supply with the house were also significantly auto-correlated with open defecation practice.

Conclusion

Open defecation remains a public health challenge in India, particularly in the north and central parts, among rural populations, and in socioeconomically deprived areas. It is crucial to focus on small area-level program implementation and assessment approaches to eliminate open defecation in India by 2030.