Associations Between Cessation of Second-Line Therapies and Relapse Rates of Childhood Refractory Minimal-Change Nephrotic Syndrome: A Single-Center, Retrospective Chart Review

Abstract

Background

Most patients (≥85%) with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) respond to corticosteroid treatment. However, about 10% to 20% of patients with MCNS have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and 25% to 43% of patients have steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome or frequent-relapse steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Patients with refractory MCNS are treated with various second-line therapies.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the use of various second-line therapies and relapse rates in Chinese patients with childhood refractory MCNS.

Methods

In this study, patients with childhood nephrotic syndrome renal biopsy proved to be “minimal change” from a single tertiary-care center between January 2002 and July 2018 were identified. A Total of 56 medical charts of patients treated with 1 of these second-line immunosuppressors: cyclophosphamide (CYC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), or tacrolimus (TAC) were reviewed. Patients were divided into CYC (n = 24), MMF (n = 20), and TAC (n = 12) groups according to the second-line therapy administered. Baseline characteristics, immune status, immunocomplex deposition in the renal tissue, and treatment outcomes were analyzed.

Results

The ratio of patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in the CYC, MMF, and TAC groups did not differ significantly (P = 0.721). The immunofluorescence assay did not show any significant differences in immunocomplex deposition identified in renal biopsy specimens among the 3 groups. The rate of steroid-free remission in the TAC group (75%) was higher than that in the MMF (55%) and CYC (25%) groups (P = 0.012). At the last follow-up, two-thirds of children in the TAC group had a relapse following discontinuation of therapy. In the TAC group, patients for whom steroids were withdrawn had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin G at the onset of nephrotic syndrome than those for whom steroids were continued (P = 0.017). In the MMF group, children with relapse had a significantly higher percentage of CD16⁺CD56⁺-positive cells than those without relapse (P = 0.042). The relapse rate after treatment discontinuation was significantly different among the 3 groups (P = 0.035). Notably, the relapse rate after treatment discontinuation in the CYC group was lower than those in the other 2 groups (P = 0.035).

Conclusions

In this small population of Chinese patients with childhood refractory MCNS, the relapse rate following TAC therapy was higher than that following MMF or CYC therapy. Different proportions of CD16⁺CD56⁺-positive cells might be associated with relapse rates in patients with MCNS receiving MMF treatment. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2022; 83:XXX–XXX)