For God and Revolution: Priest, Peasant, and Agrarian Socialism in the Mexican Huasteca by Mark Saad Saka (review)

IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY CATHOLIC HISTORICAL REVIEW Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI:10.1353/CAT.2015.0127
G. Thomson
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Abstract

For God and Revolution: Priest, Peasant, and Agrarian Socialism in the Mexican Huasteca. By Mark Saad Saka. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2013. Pp. xxi, 186. $50.00. ISBN 978-0-8263-5338-2.)Over the past thirty years, major regional studies, mainly of Mexico's southeastern states, have explored the way in which nineteenth-century civil and foreign wars drew rural communities into politics as indigenous peasants took to arms in support of regional and national causes in exchange for promises of constitutional guarantees. For God and Revolution is a welcome contribution to this literature. Well suited for undergraduates, this short book provides a fascinating case study of the popular roots of Mexican liberalism, Catholicism, and republicanism.Mark Saad Saka's region is the Huasteca, encompassing the vast Panuco river basin that includes segments of five states and serves as a natural boundary between east-central and north-eastern Mexico. The first five chapters chart 400 years of resistance of the region's Maya-speaking Teenecks to Aztec, Spanish, and republican rule. The final two chapters explore the principal focus of the book: a peasant rebellion between 1877 and 1883 led by indigenous leader Juan Santiago under the banner of "death to all those who wear pants!"Hard to reach from Mexico's highland centers of power, even from its own provincial capital of San Luis Potosi, the Huasteca provided sanctuary and a strategic reserve for forces opposed to colonial rule and later to foreign invasions. Saad Saka traces a pattern of peasant guerrilla forces embracing national causes, manifesting first in the insurgency in 1811; continuing through the federalist movement of the 1830s, the Mexican-American War of 1846-48, and the European Intervention of 1862-67; and culminating in Diaz's rebellions against Juarez's centralizing liberalism during the 1870s. Santiago's rebellion is explained as a response to secular changes facing much of rural Mexico during the final decades of the century: the privatization of church land and town lands, the use of forced labor for constructing of roads and railways, the growth of large estates, mounting insecurity of land tenure and worsening terms of sharecropping, the introduction of sugar with its accompanying abuse of labor, and so forth. Particularly interesting is the involvement of radical priest Mauricio Zavala who, after first promoting education and social reform in the state capital, moved in 1873 to Ciudad del Maiz and promoted primary schooling throughout the region, paying close attention to the needs of indigenous-language speakers, women, and field workers. …
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《为了上帝与革命:墨西哥华斯特卡的牧师、农民和农业社会主义》马克·萨阿德·萨卡著(书评)
为了上帝与革命:墨西哥华斯特卡的牧师、农民和土地社会主义。马克·萨阿德·萨卡著。阿尔伯克基:新墨西哥大学出版社,2013。第21页,第186页。50.00美元。ISBN 978-0-8263-5338-2。)在过去的三十年里,主要的区域研究,主要是在墨西哥东南部各州,探索了19世纪的内战和对外战争是如何把农村社区卷入政治的,因为土著农民拿起武器支持地区和国家的事业,以换取宪法保障的承诺。《上帝与革命》是对这一文学的一个受欢迎的贡献。这本简短的书非常适合本科生阅读,提供了墨西哥自由主义、天主教和共和主义流行根源的引人入胜的案例研究。Mark Saad Saka的地区是Huasteca,包括广阔的Panuco河流域,包括五个州的部分,是墨西哥中东部和东北部之间的自然边界。前五章描绘了说玛雅语的特纳克人400年来对阿兹特克人、西班牙人以及共和统治的抵抗。最后两章探讨了本书的主要焦点:1877年至1883年间由土著领袖胡安·圣地亚哥领导的农民叛乱,他们打着“让所有穿裤子的人去死!”从墨西哥的高地权力中心,甚至从它自己的省会圣路易斯波托西,都很难到达Huasteca,它为反对殖民统治和后来的外国入侵的力量提供了避难所和战略储备。萨阿德·萨卡(Saad Saka)追溯了农民游击队拥抱国家事业的模式,首先体现在1811年的叛乱中;继续经历了19世纪30年代的联邦主义运动,1846-48年的美墨战争,以及1862-67年的欧洲干预;并在19世纪70年代迪亚兹对华雷斯中央集权的自由主义的反抗中达到高潮。圣地亚哥的叛乱被解释为对20世纪最后几十年墨西哥农村面临的世俗变化的回应:教会土地和城镇土地的私有化,使用强迫劳动来建设公路和铁路,大庄园的增长,土地使用权的不安全感增加,分成制条件的恶化,糖的引入以及随之而来的对劳工的虐待,等等。尤其有趣的是激进的牧师Mauricio Zavala的参与,他在州首府首次推动教育和社会改革后,于1873年搬到Ciudad del Maiz,并在整个地区推广小学教育,密切关注土著语言使用者,妇女和实地工作者的需求。...
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