Phenomenon of the Baltic singing revolution in 1987-1991: Three Latvian songs as historical symbols of non-violent resistance

Abstract

The denomination singing revolution (coined by Estonian artist Heinz Valk, b. 1936) is commonly used for events in Baltic States between 1987 and 1991 that led to the restoration of the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Three songs - the folk song P?t, v?ji?i! (Blow, Wind!), the choir song Gaismas pils (The Castle of Light) by the national classical composer J?zeps V?tols (1863-1948) and the song Saule, P?rkons, Daugava (Sun, Thunder, Daugava) by the composer M?rti?s Brauns (1951) - at that time in Latvia had a special significance in society. Each song represented references to different layers in Latvian cultural and political history. The characteristics of the three songs in the Singing Revolution process are based on the approach and methodology of distant (objective) analysis of cultural context and recent historical experience. As a result, this article reveals the meaning and reception of the three songs as symbols of nonviolent resistance during the fall of communist regime in Latvia in the late 1980s.