Intellectual property rights in genes and gene fragments: a registration solution for expressed sequence tags.

IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Iowa Law Review Pub Date : 2003-03-31 DOI:10.2139/SSRN.382566
M. A. Holman, S. Munzer
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引用次数: 28

Abstract

Out of the Human Genome Project and automated sequencing technology has arisen a controversy over the attempt to obtain patents on fragments of functional genes, known as expressed sequence tags (EST), and the genes themselves. In addition to legal and academic debate over the patent ability of expressed sequence tags, the issue of property rights in these gene fragments raises questions about economics and social policy. The article offers a solution to this debate by proposing a registration stem that, first, avoids the costs of patent prosecution and examination; second, has none of the adverse economic consequences of patenting expressed sequence tags; and, third, recognizes that expressed sequence tags have some value. The article summarizes the science, explains the controversy over ESTs, and outlines a trio of existing models for access to EST sequences. The article continues by analyzing issues of patent law in relation to ESTs and introduces property and economic issues. The article then proposes two possible solutions: limiting to ten the number of ESTs per patent application, as is currently the plan and policy of the PTO; and issuing short-term (ten-year) patents on ESTs alone. This leads to the author explaining, justifying, and defending a registration system that gives less robust property rights than the standard twenty-year patent. Finally, the author addresses some of the philosophical issues pertaining to property rights in genetic material.
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基因和基因片段的知识产权:表达序列标签的注册解决方案。
人类基因组计划和自动测序技术引发了关于试图获得功能基因片段(即表达序列标签(EST))和基因本身专利的争议。除了关于表达序列标签的专利能力的法律和学术争论外,这些基因片段的产权问题还提出了有关经济和社会政策的问题。本文通过提出一种注册制度来解决这一争论,该制度首先避免了专利申请和审查的成本;第二,没有表达序列标签专利的不利经济后果;第三,识别表达的序列标记具有一定的价值。这篇文章总结了科学,解释了关于EST的争议,并概述了获取EST序列的三种现有模型。文章接着分析了与无害环境技术有关的专利法问题,并介绍了财产和经济问题。然后,本文提出了两种可能的解决方案:根据PTO目前的计划和政策,将每个专利申请的est数量限制在10个以内;仅对无害环境技术就颁发短期(十年)专利。这导致作者解释、证明和捍卫一种注册制度,这种制度赋予的产权不如标准的20年专利那么强大。最后,作者提出了一些有关遗传物质产权的哲学问题。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.60
自引率
7.70%
发文量
1
期刊介绍: Since its inception in 1915 as the Iowa Law Bulletin, the Iowa Law Review has served as a scholarly legal journal, noting and analyzing developments in the law and suggesting future paths for the law to follow. Since 1935, students have edited and have managed the Law Review, which is published five times annually. The Law Review ranks high among the top “high impact” legal periodicals in the country, and its subscribers include legal practitioners and law libraries throughout the world.
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