Concise Review: How are Red Blood Cells Born, How do they Live and Die?

Abstract

The average life cycle of a human RBC is approximately 120 days. Generally, by this point, the cell is worn out and damaged. RBCs pass through both the spleen and liver, where specialized immune cells called macrophages are found. Macrophages recognize when an RBC is spent, and undergo a process called phagocytosis where they digest the cell. In this process, the iron in hemoglobin is recycled for use in new blood cells and the hem molecule is degraded, conjugated to bilirubin, and eliminated from the body. All the other cellular proteins are either recycled or eliminated. Historically, this process was thought to occur exclusively in the spleen, but recent studies have shown that it occurs in the bone marrow .The RBC has been analyzed from many perspectives: cytological, hematological, and immunological, as well as from the focus of molecular biology, biophysics, and mathematics. Here we analyze how are red blood cells born and how they live and die in a brief overview of the whole process with special mention of the morphological aspects from bone marrow and spleen provided by Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy.