Groundwater Leakage and River Runoff in a Catchment Influenced by Tectonic Movement

Abstract

In order to clarify how groundwater leakage and river runoff occur in a catchment under tectonic movement, the water balance was estimated in the forested (88.3% in area) Oikamanai River cat- chment (area, 62.6 km 2 ), Hokkaido, Japan. The catchment's geology is early Miocene to Pliocene sedimentary bedrock of partly high permeability, accompanied by currently active faults. Daily evapotranspiration, E, in water balance was calculated by applying the one-layer model to meteo- rological data in the rainfall season of 2011 and 2012, with the topographic influence on heat bal- ance of the catchment considered. The coupling with the short-term water balance method for riv- er runoff events allows us to estimate groundwater leaking to the other catchments through the faults and bedrock. As a result, the leakage corresponded to 50% - 80% of effective rainfall (=P − E: P, rainfall) in 2011, whereas it was lower or negative in 2012. The estimate of leakage then in- cluded variability of ca. 80%. In 2012, shallow groundwater storage seems to retain high baseflow during non-rainfall.