The history of University Midwifery Training in Krakow in the years 1780-1918 in the context of historical and organisational conditions

Malgorzata Dziedzic, Elżbieta Sibiga, M. Dziubak, Paula Janczyk
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Abstract

Midwifery training in Krakow started within the University structures and was closely related to the reform of the Academy in 1780. Following H. Kołłątaj and Prof. A. Badurski’s ideas, the first clinical hospital was created in Krakow, where midwifery training started. Prof. R. Czerwiakowski gave lectures for midwives and supervised the maternity clinic. The changing political relations remodelled the structure and organisation of the school authorities, which affected the working conditions of the University. Obtaining a diploma was preceded by the so-called strict exam in front of an exam board consisting of professors. The positive result of the exam then authorised the student to take an oath in front of the Dean, the secretary, and a professor of the Faculty of Medicine, which, as stated on the diploma, gave “the right to practice midwifery”. Following professors and heads of the maternity clinic made special efforts in organising midwifery courses and improving continuously difficult learning conditions. Many documents issued to midwives or provided by midwifery students have survived from their professional activity. Prof. H. Jordan achieved outstanding results in this respect, as he managed to obtain permission from the partitioning authorities to organise an independent midwifery school. It opened in 1895, and Prof. A. Mars became its head. The importance of achieving this idea promoted by Prof. H. Jordan for the further development of midwives in Krakow is worth emphasising. The independent institution took the name of the Imperial Royal School of Midwives.
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在历史和组织条件的背景下,1780-1918年克拉科夫大学助产培训的历史
克拉科夫的助产培训在大学结构内开始,并与1780年学院的改革密切相关。按照H. Kołłątaj和A. Badurski教授的想法,在克拉科夫建立了第一家临床医院,助产培训开始在那里进行。R. Czerwiakowski教授为助产士讲课,并监督产科诊所。不断变化的政治关系重塑了学校当局的结构和组织,这影响了大学的工作条件。在获得文凭之前,要在由教授组成的考试委员会面前进行所谓的严格考试。考试的积极结果随后授权学生在院长、秘书和医学院教授面前宣誓,正如文凭上所述,这赋予了“从事助产工作的权利”。随后的教授和妇产诊所的负责人在组织助产课程和不断改善困难的学习条件方面作出了特别努力。许多发给助产士或由助产学学生提供的文件从他们的专业活动中幸存下来。H. Jordan教授在这方面取得了杰出的成绩,他设法获得分区当局的许可,组织了一所独立的助产学校。它于1895年开业,A. Mars教授成为它的负责人。H. Jordan教授为克拉科夫助产士的进一步发展所提倡的实现这一理念的重要性值得强调。这个独立的机构取名为皇家助产士学校。
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