Iman Owliaee, Mehran Khaledian, Armin Khaghani Boroujeni, Ali Shojaeian
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Cancer, as a complex, heterogeneous disease, is currently affecting millions of people worldwide. Even if the most common traditional treatments, namely, chemotherapy (CTx) and radiotherapy (RTx), have been so far effective in some conditions, there is still a dire need for novel, innovative approaches to treat types of cancer. In this context, oncoviruses are responsible for 12% of all malignancies, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the poorest in the world also account for 80% of all human cancer cases. Against this background, nanomedicine has developed nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS) to meet the demand for drug delivery vectors, e.g., extracellular vesicles (EVs). This review article aimed to explore the potential of engineered small EVs (sEVs) in suppressing human oncovirus-associated cancers.
Methods: Our search was conducted for published research between 2000 and 2022 using several international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles.
Results: In this line, the findings revealed that EV engineering as a new field is witnessing the development of novel sEV-based structures, and it is expected to be advanced in the future. EVs may be further exploited in specialized applications as therapeutic or diagnostic tools. The techniques of biotechnology have been additionally utilized to create synthetic bilayers based on the physical and chemical properties of parent molecules via a top-down strategy for downsizing complicated, big particles into nano-sized sEVs.
Conclusion: As the final point, EV-mediated treatments are less toxic to the body than the most conventional ones, making them a safer and even more effective option. Although many in vitro studies have so far tested the efficacy of sEVs, further research is still needed to develop their potential in animal and clinical trials to reap the therapeutic benefits of this promising platform.
背景：癌症作为一种复杂的异质性疾病，目前正影响着全球数百万人。即使最常见的传统治疗方法，即化疗（CTx）和放疗（RTx），迄今为止在某些情况下是有效的，但仍然迫切需要新的创新方法来治疗癌症类型。在这种情况下，肿瘤病毒导致了12%的恶性肿瘤，如人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）、默克尔细胞多瘤病毒（MCPyV）、EB病毒（EBV）、人类疱疹病毒8型（HHV-8）以及乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV），世界上最贫穷的人也占所有人类癌症病例的80%。在这种背景下，纳米医学开发了基于纳米的药物递送系统（DDS），以满足对药物递送载体的需求，例如细胞外囊泡（EV）。这篇综述文章旨在探索工程化小EV（sEV）在抑制人类肿瘤病毒相关癌症中的潜力。方法：我们使用Scopus、PubMed、Web of Science和Google Scholar等多个国际数据库搜索2000年至2022年间发表的研究。我们还审查了相关发表文章中的其他证据。结果：在这方面，研究结果表明，电动汽车工程作为一个新领域，正在见证新型sEV结构的发展，并有望在未来取得进展。电动汽车可以在专门的应用中作为治疗或诊断工具得到进一步利用。生物技术还被用于根据母体分子的物理和化学性质，通过自上而下的策略，将复杂的大颗粒缩小为纳米尺寸的sEV，从而创建合成双层。结论：最后一点是，EV介导的治疗对身体的毒性比最传统的治疗小，使其成为更安全、更有效的选择。尽管到目前为止，许多体外研究已经测试了sEV的疗效，但仍需要进一步的研究来开发其在动物和临床试验中的潜力，以获得这个有前景的平台的治疗益处。
期刊介绍：
Infectious Agents and Cancer is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of basic, clinical, epidemiological and translational research providing an insight into the association between chronic infections and cancer.
The journal welcomes submissions in the pathogen-related cancer areas and other related topics, in particular:
• HPV and anogenital cancers, as well as head and neck cancers;
• EBV and Burkitt lymphoma;
• HCV/HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as lymphoproliferative diseases;
• HHV8 and Kaposi sarcoma;
• HTLV and leukemia;
• Cancers in Low- and Middle-income countries.
The link between infection and cancer has become well established over the past 50 years, and infection-associated cancer contribute up to 16% of cancers in developed countries and 33% in less developed countries.
Preventive vaccines have been developed for only two cancer-causing viruses, highlighting both the opportunity to prevent infection-associated cancers by vaccination and the gaps that remain before vaccines can be developed for other cancer-causing agents. These gaps are due to incomplete understanding of the basic biology, natural history, epidemiology of many of the pathogens that cause cancer, the mechanisms they exploit to cause cancer, and how to interrupt progression to cancer in human populations. Early diagnosis or identification of lesions at high risk of progression represent the current most critical research area of the field supported by recent advances in genomics and proteomics technologies.
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