Early diagnosis of monomicrobial Clostridioides difficile bacteremia in a patient without colitis.

Abstract

Bacteremia is a rare finding among Clostridioides difficile infections. We describe a case of a 67-year-old man with resected colorectal cancer with colostomy who presented with small bowel obstruction and was admitted for lysis of adhesions. On day 8 of admission, he developed leukocytosis and raised inflammatory markers with isolation of Gram-positive bacilli in several blood cultures, which was presumptively identified through blood culture pelleting and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) as C. difficile. The diagnosis was confirmed with conventional culture and reference lab identification and the patient demonstrated clinical response with parenteral then oral vancomycin that briefly worsened when therapy was switched to parenteral metronidazole and then improved once oral vancomycin was resumed. Our case was notable in that the combination of pelleting and MALDI-TOF offered early diagnosis in this patient whose positive blood cultures were suspicious for contamination and in whom there was an absence of diarrheal illness or features of colitis on abdominal imaging. Early diagnosis is critical for the timely initiation of therapy, implementation of infection prevention and control measures and in selection of appropriate therapy for antimicrobial stewardship.