Dualism in the South Halmahera Government’s Policy on Managing Diversity in the Bacan Sultanate

F. Andries
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Abstract

The issue of dualism in the South Halmahera government policy on managing cultural diversity in the Bacan Sultanate is an interesting phenomenon to study. Saruma, the multicultural icon used to manage diversity in the Bacan Sultanate, is not reflected in governmental policy or society, in general. This study focused on three research questions: 1) What is the socio-historical context of the Bacan Sultanate from which the concept of Saruma emerged? 2) Why has the South Halmahera government failed to apply the concept of Saruma in its policy on managing diversity? 3) What are the impacts of this dualism on the people? This qualitative research employed observation techniques to understand the community’s dynamics. In-depth interviews were conducted to obtain data concerning the people’s social lives as well as the government’s policy and its impact on society. A literature review was undertaken to understand related research and to formulate a theoretical framework as an analytical device. The results showed that in spite of the cultural authority owned by the Sultanate, the absence of political authority has led to a failure to implement its Saruma concept in managing the cultural diversity. The change of political system from representation to participation has also led to transactional politics, which benefits the majority but disadvantages the minority, and the traditions of domination and hegemony, in turn, have discriminated against the minority, endangering their identity.
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南哈马黑拉政府管理巴肯苏丹国多样性政策的二元论
南哈马黑拉政府管理巴肯苏丹国文化多样性政策中的二元论问题是一个值得研究的有趣现象。萨鲁玛(Saruma)是巴肯苏丹国(Bacan Sultanate)用来管理多样性的多元文化标志,总体上没有反映在政府政策或社会中。本研究聚焦于三个研究问题:1)萨鲁玛概念产生的巴肯苏丹国的社会历史背景是什么?2)为什么南哈马黑拉州政府未能在其管理多样性的政策中应用萨鲁马的概念?3)这种二元论对人们有什么影响?这项定性研究采用观察技术来了解社区的动态。我们进行了深入的访谈,以获取有关人民社会生活以及政府政策及其对社会影响的数据。通过文献综述了解相关研究,并制定理论框架作为分析工具。结果表明,尽管苏丹国拥有文化权威,但政治权威的缺失导致其在管理文化多样性方面未能实施其萨鲁玛理念。政治制度从代议制到参与制的转变,也导致了有利于多数人、不利于少数人的交易性政治,而统治和霸权的传统反过来又歧视了少数人,危及了他们的身份认同。
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