Phenology and mechanisms of the early upwelling formation in the southern coast of Senegal

Abstract

Mechanisms of the interannual variability of upwelling onset dates on the Petite-Cote of Senegal are investigated using daily NEMO model data outputs and NOAA ocean surface temperature observations (OISST). We first determined the phenology (onset dates, end dates, duration and occupied area of the upwelling) over the Petite-Côte located in south of the Senegalese coast. Our results show that upwelling in the Petite-Côte starts on average on 03-December (with a standard deviation of 13 days) and ends on average on 13-June (with a standard deviation of 11 days). Upwelling lasts, on average, 6 months in the region. The maximum upwelling intensity is noted on 15-May and the maximum occupied area exhibits a February-May plateau. We then performed a composite analysis based on the earliness of the upwelling setup dates to understand the mechanisms involved. Our results show that for the earliest upwelling years, we note a strengthening of the vertical velocities 3 weeks before the onset of the upwelling but we note especially an abnormal intensification of the coastal jet. The latter seems to be the initiator of the early onset of the upwelling in the region. These reinforcements are associated with a significant decrease in surface temperature (SST) and an intensification of northerly trade winds. of upwelling for all atmospheric and oceanic variables to better diagnose the behavior of the parameters for early upwelling years. Finally, for the composite analysis of the different variables, we apply a lanczos filter to the data at intra-seasonal timescale to remove frequencies greater than 90 days.