Mediastinal tubercular lymph nodes completely encasing aorta in a child- A rare complication

Abstract

Lymphadenitis is common in primary Tuberculosis (TB) in children and they may be asymptomatic during the non-suppurative lymphadenitis phase. Intrathoracic nodes may compress one of the bronchus leading to atelectasis, lung infection and bronchiectasis or thoracic duct leading to chylous effusion. Other intrathoracic complications include dysphagia, oesophago-mediastinal fistula, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, biliary obstruction and cardiac tamponade. Though mediastinal tubercular lymphadenitis (MTL) is common in developing countries ,encasement of aorta by it is extremely rare. We report an eightyear-old girl who presented with non-healing right axillary lymphadenitis, later diagnosed to have MTL and found to have complete aortic encasement. Introduction Lymphadenitis is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) accounting for 35% of cases.1 It is generally characterized by conglomerates, localized in multiple sites mostly in the right paratracheal, hilar and subcarinal areas, with an inhomogeneous CT enhancement pattern and associated with lung infiltrate in 90% of cases.2 Tuberculous involvement of the ascending aorta is rare, even in a country like India where the burden of TB is enormous, and here we have reported a case of complete encasement of aorta by enlarged MTL which is a first report of an ascending aortic encasement. Case Report An 8-year-old girl presented with non-healing right axillary abscess with persistent discharging for 6 months. She was on anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) for 10 months as she was detected to have primary complex on chest X-ray with positive tuberculin skin test (TST) and fever. After one month of ATT, she developed pericardial effusion with tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis. She also had bilateral pleural effusion and ascites. Pericardial fluid did not grow any organism on culture and TB culture was also negative. Her ATT had been continued and steroids were added. After 5 months of ATT, she developed a right axillary cold abscess. Incision and drainage were done and streptomycin and linezolid were added. The smear showed presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Streptomycin was stopped within a month and amikacin and levofloxacin was started which was given for 3 months. Echocardiography was repeated which was normal. On presentation to us, her weight was 16.6 kg, she had pallor and persistent discharging sinus in the right axilla. Blood pressure in upper limbs were 90/40 mm of Hg and that in lower limbs were 120/60 mm of Hg. On systemic examination, she had a systolic murmur at the apex. Other systems were normal. A repeat echocardiography showed solidified collection in the superior mediastinum completing encasing aorta and main pulmonary artery causing constriction with a peak gradient of 23 mm of Hg across it. CT chest showed patchy areas of consolidation in apical segment of right upper lobe and lower lobe and nodular opacities in adjacent lung with localized pleural effusion, pleural thickening on right side and calcified mediastinal and abdominal lymphnodes. (Figure 1) HIV Elisa was negative. On view of clinical suspicion of drug resistant TB, 2nd line ATT consisting of Amikacin, moxifloxacin, ethionamide, PAS, cycloserine were started along with prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day). Parents were asked to send the pus from the axilla for TB culture, but did not send the same. Child was given total 18 months of this ATT regime (amikacin was given for 6 months). There was no adverse effect to the ATT. Her lymphnodes completely regressed in 1 year and echocardiography was normal after 12 months of this ATT. Her ATT was Address for Correspondance: Dr Jagdish Kathwate, Department of Pediatrics, Motherhood Hospital, Mundhwa Kharadi Rd, Kharadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411014, India. Email: docjagdishkat@gmail.com ©2021 Pediatric Oncall ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 July 2021 Accepted 1 August 2021