High dimensional characterization of the longitudinal phase space formed in a radio frequency quadrupole

Abstract

Modern accelerator front ends almost exclusively include radio-frequency quadrupoles for initial capture and focusing of the low-energy beam. Dynamics in the RFQ define the longitudinal bunch parameters. Simulation of the SNS RFQ with PARMTEQ seeded with a realistic LEBT distribution produces a 2.5 MeV, 40 mA H- beam with root-mean-square emittance of 130 deg-keV. In measurement, a detailed characterization of the longitudinal phase space is made, including a novel study of the dependence of longitudinal emittance on transverse coordinates. This work introduces a new virtual slit technique that provides sub-slit resolution in an energy spectrometer as well as an approach for visualizing 4D phase space data. Through simulation and measurement, the RFQ-formed bunch is confirmed to have significant internal correlated structure. The high-dimensional features are shown to be in qualitative agreement. However, the measured rms emittances are up to 30% lower than predicted, closer to the design value of 95 deg-keV.