Prevalence of kidney stone types among the adult population of the Russian Federation and CIS countries

Abstract

Background: the study on the prevalence of kidney stone types in various territories of the country and the world is of great importance, mainly in predicting the burden on the healthcare system in general and the urological community in particular. Besides, in terms of calculating the probability of the disease relapse even during effectively conducted metaphylactic therapy. Aim: to assess the prevalence of kidney stone types among the adult population in various regions of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and the kidney stone composition depending on age and gender. Patients and Methods: data on the kidney stone composition are presented by INVITRO in an anonymized form for the period 2018–2021. The article presents the analysis of stone samples obtained from patients of 12 regions: Moscow (n=2623), Belarus (n=324), Kazakhstan (n=87), Republic of Crimea (n=59), and Far Eastern (FE) (n=214), Volga (n=398), North Caucasus (n=109), North-Western (n=385), Siberian (n=740), Ural (n=891), Central (n=566), Southern (n=371) Federal Regions. The analysis of the stones was conducted by infrared spectrometry or X-ray diffraction. Results: the prevalence of kidney stones from more than one component in the adult population of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Belarus was assessed. 6787 kidney stones were examined in both genders. One-component stones were detected in 448 (6.6%) people, two-component stones — in 4005 (59%), multicomponent stones — in 2334 (34.4%). The most common mineral of the one-component stone is calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). In the structure of one-component stones, stones from COM and uric acid/uric acid dihydrate were statistically significantly more common among male patients, while struvite stones were found among female patients. When assessing the distribution of one-component stones in accordance with age and gender, there was a significant increase in the number of COM stones in both male and female patients aged from 26 to 70 years. Among two-component stones, the most common combination of minerals is COM + calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) in all age groups. Adding that, it is statistically significant among male patients vs. female patients — 67.4% vs. 32.6% (p<0.001). The most common combination of minerals in multicomponent stones is the combination of COM + COD + carbonate-apatite, which was found in all age groups with the highest rates among male patients aged 31–50 years, among female patients aged 31–40 years, and in stable rates at the age of 41–60 years. Stones from COM + COD + struvite was most commonly determined at the age of 31–60 years. Conclusion: the revealed occurrence patterns of various stone types, depending on the place of residence, gender and age, should be taken into account when choosing an adequate metaphylactic treatment tactics. KEYWORDS: urolithiasis, metaphylaxis, calcium oxalate monohydrate, citraturia, phytotherapy. FOR CITATION: Saenko V.S., Vinarov A.Z., Demidko Yu.L. et al. Prevalence of kidney stone types among the adult population of the Russian Federation and CIS countries. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(4):202–211 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-4-202-211.