Infections Due to Staphylococci

DeckerMed Medicine Pub Date : 2019-10-10 DOI:10.2310/im.1390
D. Stevens, Sarah E. Hobdey
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Abstract

Staphylococci are nonsporulating, nonmotile, gram-positive cocci that have an average diameter of 1 µm. Microscopically, staphylococci tend to be larger and rounder than streptococci. Because cell division occurs on three planes, these organisms are typically found in grapelike clusters and tetrads, as well as in pairs and sometimes in short chains. Staphylococci are very hardy organisms and can withstand much more physical and chemical stress than pneumococci and streptococci. Because staphylococci are facultative anaerobes, they will grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. Staphylococci are catalase positive. Of the species of staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus is by far the most important human pathogen. This review covers the epidemiology and pathogenesis of S. aureus, clinical infections associated with S. aureus, treatment of staphylococcal infections, and staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Clinically important coagulase-negative staphylococci such as S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are also discussed. Tables list antibiotic treatment for staphylococcal infections, clinical manifestations of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, and antibiotic treatment for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. This review contains 3 figures, 6 tables, and 54 references. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal infections; Coagulase-negative staphylococci; Skin and soft tissue infections; S. aureus bacteremia; MRSA; Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; Toxic shock syndrome
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葡萄球菌引起的感染
葡萄球菌是无孢子、无运动的革兰氏阳性球菌,平均直径为1µm。显微镜下,葡萄球菌比链球菌更大更圆。因为细胞分裂发生在三个平面上,这些生物通常以葡萄状簇和四分体的形式出现,有时成对出现,有时呈短链。葡萄球菌是非常耐寒的生物,可以承受比肺炎球菌和链球菌更多的物理和化学压力。因为葡萄球菌是兼性厌氧菌,它们会在有或没有氧气的情况下生长。葡萄球菌过氧化氢酶阳性。在葡萄球菌的种类中,金黄色葡萄球菌是迄今为止最重要的人类病原体。本文综述了金黄色葡萄球菌的流行病学和发病机制,金黄色葡萄球菌相关的临床感染,葡萄球菌感染的治疗以及葡萄球菌中毒性休克综合征。对临床上重要的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌如表皮葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌也进行了讨论。表中列出了葡萄球菌感染的抗生素治疗、葡萄球菌中毒性休克综合征的临床表现以及葡萄球菌中毒性休克综合征的抗生素治疗。本综述包含3张图,6张表,54篇文献。关键词:金黄色葡萄球菌;葡萄球菌感染;Coagulase-negative葡萄球菌;皮肤和软组织感染;金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌;中毒性休克综合征
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