Combination and optimization of classifiers in gender classification using genetic programming

Abstract

In this paper, we have investigated the problem of gender classification using frontal facial images. Four different classifiers, namely K-means, k-nearest neighbors, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Mahalanobis Distance Based classifiers are compared. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve along with the area under the convex hull (AUCH) have been utilized as the performance measures of the classifiers at different feature subsets. To measure the overall performance of a classifier with single scalar value, the new scheme of finding the area under the convex hull of AUCH of ROC curves (AUCH of AUCHS) is proposed. It has been observed that, when the number of macro features is increased beyond 5, the AUCH saturates and even decreases for some classifiers, illustrating the curse of dimensionality. We then used genetic programming to combine classifiers and thus evolved an optimum combined classifier (OCC), producing better performance than the individual classifiers. We found that using only two features, the OCC has comparable performance to that of original classifier using 20 macro features. It produces true positive rate values as high as 0.94 corresponding to false positive rate as low as 0.15 for 1: 3 train to testing ratio. We also observed that heterogeneous combination of classifiers is more promising than the homogenous combination.