Effects of music on behaviour and the cardiovascular system in animals and human beings

Eva-Maria Voelkel, G. Reiner, H. Trappe
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Abstract

Abstract Background Music plays an important role during life. However, there is little known whether music of different styles can directly alter behavioural patterns in animals or cardiovascular parameters in humans. Objective To study the potential effects of classical music (CL) and heavy metal (HM) in comparison to silence (S) on behavioural patterns or cardiovascular parameters blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR). Method Behavioural patterns were examined in six German Large White pigs. More than 11.000 distinct singular behaviours were analyzed. Cortisol levels, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded in 60 healthy volunteers. In animals and in human beings an identical study protocol was used. In both groups, CL (Bach, Suite No. 3, BWV 1068), HM (Disturbed, Indestructible) S was applied. Sound exposure of CL, HM or the S period was 21 minutes. All data of the studied volunteers were compared to 60 healthy “control” (CO) participants who underwent an identical study protocol but without music application (S). Results In animals, we clearly could demonstrate that CL leads to significantly more activity and attention of the pigs (e,g. playing ball) compared to HM or S (p<0.001). In contrast, HM was significantly more associated with unexpected, stress related behavioural patterns (excitation, trying to escape) compared to CL or S (p<0.001). In humans, systolic, diastolic BP (mm Hg) and HR (beats per min) decreased mostly when CL was played compared to HM or controls (p<0.001), prior to and after sound exposure. Conclusions The results provide clear evidence for the potential of music styles to improve or deteriorate welfare in this farm animal species. It is obvious that CL (Bach) leads to both positive behavioural patterns in animals and decreased values of BP and HR. In HM or S we could not observe similar findings. Therefore, due to these experimental and clinical data, sound exposure with classical music has positive effects on cardiovascular parameters and will positively influence behavioural patterns in animals.
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音乐对动物和人类行为和心血管系统的影响
背景音乐在生活中扮演着重要的角色。然而,人们对不同风格的音乐是否能直接改变动物的行为模式或人类的心血管参数知之甚少。目的研究古典音乐(CL)和重金属音乐(HM)与沉默(S)对行为模式或心血管参数、血压(BP)、心率(HR)的潜在影响。方法观察6头德国大白猪的行为模式。他们分析了超过11000种不同的奇异行为。他们记录了60名健康志愿者的皮质醇水平、心率和血压。在动物和人类身上使用了相同的研究方案。两组均采用CL (Bach, Suite No. 3, BWV 1068), HM (Disturbed, Indestructible) S。CL、HM或S期的声暴露时间为21分钟。将研究志愿者的所有数据与60名健康的“对照组”(CO)参与者进行了比较,这些参与者接受了相同的研究方案,但没有音乐应用(S)。结果在动物身上,我们可以清楚地证明,CL显著提高了猪的活动和注意力(例如,音乐应用)。与HM或S相比(p<0.001)。相比之下,与CL或S相比,HM与意想不到的、与压力相关的行为模式(兴奋、试图逃跑)的相关性更大(p<0.001)。在人类中,与HM或对照组相比,在声音暴露前后播放CL时,收缩压、舒张压(mm Hg)和HR(每分钟心跳数)下降最多(p<0.001)。结论不同的音乐风格可能会改善或恶化该农场动物物种的福利。很明显,CL (Bach)会导致动物的积极行为模式,并降低血压和心率值。在HM或S中,我们没有观察到类似的结果。因此,根据这些实验和临床数据,古典音乐的声音暴露对心血管参数有积极影响,并将积极影响动物的行为模式。
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