Germanium Isotope Geochemistry

1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI:10.2138/RMG.2017.82.14
O. Rouxel, B. Luais
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引用次数: 36

Abstract

Germanium (Ge) is a trace element in the Earth’s crust and natural waters, averaging about 1.6 ppm in rocks and minerals (El Wardani 1957; Bernstein 1985) and 75 picomol/L in seawater (Froelich and Andreae 1981). The naturally occurring oxidation states of Ge are +2 and +4, with the +4 state forming the principal common and stable compounds. Germanium has outer electronic structure 3 d 10 4 s 2 4 p 2 and mainly occurs in the quadrivalent state, although in some minerals it is octahedrally coordinated. Germanium is chemically similar to silicon (Si), both belonging to the IVA group in the periodic table, with Ge immediately above Si. Germanium is classified as a semimetal, whereas Si is a nonmetal element. Because of nearly identical ionic radii and electron configurations for Ge and Si, the crustal geochemistry of Ge is dominated by a tendency to replace Si in the lattice sites of minerals (Goldschmidt 1958; De Argollo and Schilling 1978b). These two elements exist in seawater as similar hydroxyacids, i.e., Ge(OH)4 and Si(OH)4 (Pokrovski and Schott 1998a) and the concentration profile of Ge is similar to that of Si (Froelich and Andreae 1981), thus making Ge/Si ratio an interesting tracer for biogenic silica cycling in the ocean. Although Ge and Si are geochemically similar, their behavior is different enough so that decoupling of Ge and Si can occur. Germanium commonly occurs in 4-fold (tetrahedral) coordination but in contrast to Si, Ge has a stronger tendency for the 6-fold coordination. Unlike Si, Ge also forms methylated compounds, and high concentrations of monomethyl- and dimethyl-germanium have been detected in ocean waters, accounting for > 70% of the total Ge (Lewis et al. 1985). Germanium is a particularly interesting element for geochemists since it exhibits siderophile, lithophile, chalcophile and …
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锗同位素地球化学
锗(Ge)是地壳和自然水体中的一种微量元素,在岩石和矿物中的平均含量约为ppm 1.6 (El Wardani 1957;Bernstein 1985)和75皮科莫/升的海水(Froelich和Andreae 1981)。锗的自然氧化态是+2和+4,其中+4形成了主要的常见和稳定的化合物。锗的外电子结构为3d104s24p2,主要以四价态存在,但在某些矿物中为八面体配位。锗在化学上与硅(Si)相似,在元素周期表中都属于IVA族,Ge紧接在Si之上。锗被归类为半金属,而硅是非金属元素。由于Ge和Si的离子半径和电子构型几乎相同,Ge的地壳地球化学倾向于取代矿物晶格位置上的Si (Goldschmidt 1958;De Argollo and Schilling 1978b)。这两种元素在海水中以类似的羟基酸形式存在,即Ge(OH)4和Si(OH)4 (Pokrovski and Schott 1998a), Ge的浓度分布与Si的相似(Froelich and Andreae 1981),因此Ge/Si比值成为海洋生物源二氧化硅循环的有趣示踪剂。虽然Ge和Si在地球化学上是相似的,但它们的行为是不同的,因此Ge和Si可以发生解耦。锗通常以四重配位(四面体)存在,但与Si相比,Ge具有更强的六重配位倾向。与硅不同,锗也形成甲基化化合物,在海水中检测到高浓度的单甲基锗和二甲基锗,占锗总量的70%以上(Lewis et al. 1985)。对地球化学家来说,锗是一种特别有趣的元素,因为它具有亲铁、亲石、亲铜和…
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来源期刊
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry
Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
39
期刊介绍: RiMG is a series of multi-authored, soft-bound volumes containing concise reviews of the literature and advances in theoretical and/or applied mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, and geochemistry. The content of each volume consists of fully developed text which can be used for self-study, research, or as a text-book for graduate-level courses. RiMG volumes are typically produced in conjunction with a short course but can also be published without a short course. The series is jointly published by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) and the Geochemical Society.
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