Paradigms of National Identity in Francisco de Quevedo’s Poetry: Los (Des)Engaños de la Grandeza

Mark J. Mascia
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Abstract

Francisco de Quevedo’s vast poetic corpus has most often been examined for its moral, amorous, or satirical aspects, among others. One key aspect of his lyrical works which has to some degree remained less studied is Quevedo’s stance on Spanish national identity. Existing scholarship on this topic often falls within the larger category of scholarship on satirical or political poetic works or on Quevedo’s many prose writings.1 The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which Quevedo explores Spanish national identity and to arrive at a conclusion as to what he had considered paradigmatic about being Spanish. While an exhaustive account of Quevedo’s beliefs regarding Spanish identity as seen is his poetry would be impossible for this study, several select poems of varying lengths demonstrate these beliefs in depth. A number of sonnets, many of which are encomiastic in nature and most of which come from the posthumously published El Parnaso espanol (1648) contain what can best be described as a generally traditionalist (and, in today’s parlance, stereotyped) stance on hispanidad. At the same time, a longer poetic work, the Epistola satirica y censoria contra las costumbres presentes de los castellanos, evinces a far more critical and disenchanted outlook on Spanish identity while adding an element of wistful nostalgia for an unspecified past. What will emerge from this study is that Quevedo’s portrayal of national identity cannot be reduced to a single paradigm and, as a result, is nuanced as it is often contradictory.2 Quevedo’s beliefs about Spanish identity are informed by a sense of desengano pervasive in much of his work (including prose as well) which is rigidly hierarchical as it is reactionary.
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弗朗西斯科·德·克维多诗歌中的国家认同范式:伟大的(Des)欺骗
弗朗西斯科·德·克维多庞大的诗歌语料库最常被审视的是其道德、情爱或讽刺等方面。在他的抒情作品中有一个关键的方面在某种程度上仍然很少被研究,那就是克维多对西班牙民族认同的立场。关于这一主题的现有学术研究通常属于讽刺或政治诗歌作品或克维多的许多散文作品的更大范畴本研究的目的是考察Quevedo探索西班牙民族认同的方式,并得出结论,即他认为作为西班牙人的典范是什么。虽然详尽地描述Quevedo关于西班牙身份的信仰在他的诗歌中是不可能的,但几首不同长度的诗歌深入地展示了这些信仰。许多十四行诗,其中许多本质上是赞美的,其中大部分来自于他死后出版的《西班牙语》(El Parnaso espanol, 1648),其中包含了一种最能被描述为传统主义者(用今天的话说,是刻板印象)对西班牙语的立场。与此同时,一个更长的诗歌作品,Epistola satirica y censoria contra las costumbres展示了de los castellanos,表明了对西班牙身份的一种更批判和不幻想的看法,同时增加了对未指明的过去的渴望怀旧的元素。从这项研究中得出的结论是,Quevedo对国家认同的描绘不能被简化为一个单一的范式,因此,它是微妙的,因为它经常是矛盾的Quevedo关于西班牙身份的信仰是由一种普遍存在于他的大部分作品(包括散文)中的desengano感所传达的,这种desengano感是严格的等级制度,因为它是反动的。
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