A Review on Application of Biomarkers in the Field of Bioinformatics & Nanotechnology for Individualized Cancer Treatment

Abstract

In the Current era of post genomics, there is an exponential growth in the area of genomics and proteomics data and hence there was a major advancement in the field of understanding the molecular mechanisms of complex diseases in humans. There raised an increase in pace to develop new technologies to diagnose the molecular signatures of complex diseases to initiate the therapy with respect to the principle of personalized medicine and hence the new era of molecular medicine laid the path for detection of disease, diagnosis of complex disorders and performing treatment with respect to the molecular profile of each and every individual [1-4]. This revolution had laid the foundation for the availability and application of new and novel biomarkers to predict the behavior of disease using advanced technologies to perform rapid diagnosis and detection. The evolutions of modern therapies to target cells were based on the principles of biocomputing. In order to address the molecular profiling and diagnostics, a major challenge was raised in characterization by histologic lesions in complex disorders because those lesions are heterogeneous at the cellular and molecular levels. In cancerous tumors, malignant cells are intermixed with blood vessels, stroma, and inflammatory cells [5-8]. Current technologies like Gene microarrays and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reactions (RT-PCR) were not designed to handle the heterogeneic nature of cancer lesions and hence the development of nanotechnology provided a new opportunity to integrate morphological profile of diseased contion and molecular signatures and it is also used for correlating the observed cellular and molecular changes with respect to the behavior of pathological condition in complex disorders [9-11]. In particular, the application of bio conjugated quantum dots (QDs) [12-15] quantifies the presence of multiple biomarkers in intact tissue specimens and cancer cells and it allows us to conduct a comparative test between traditional histopathology V.S. molecular signatures of the same tissue [16-20]. Nanotechnology is being used in the fields of molecular imaging and therapy and it can be also be used to improve the toxicity and efficacy profiles of chemotherapeutic agents because these agents can be covalently attached or encapsulated [21-23].