Construction of road bridges without consideration of geo-hazards and river-flow dynamics – A case study from Ghatte Khola, Myagdi, Nepal

Abstract

In the past 20 years, motor road and bridge construction works have increased significantly in Nepal, in most cases with poor consideration of geo-hazards (rockfalls, landslides, debris flows) and river-flow dynamics. The National Road Construction (NRC) is further fostered by China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Currently, the Kali Gandaki (KG) road corridor is being upgraded to a 2-way black-top road as a project under BRI. The river dynamics of the KG sub-catchments is rarely considered by engineers despite it represents a common threat to the KG road, road bridges, and human lives. Here we study the Ghatte Khola (GK) sub-catchment that is located along the KG corridor in Dana, Myagdi district, West Nepal. From hydro-geomorphological mapping, hydrological and HEC–RAS analysis, historical archives and interviews, several questions have arisen regarding to the size of the under-construction GK motor bridge. The water way and freeboard of this bridge were found to be insufficient to safely pass the highest flood discharge for 100 years return-period, hence the bridge was found to be vulnerable to extreme floods. Actually, the nearly completed GK bridge was destroyed by a severe hyper-concentred flood on May 25, 2019. Active geo-hazards (rock falls, landslides) in the upper GK catchment appear as persistent drivers susceptible to aggravate sporadically the GK flows, and may pose serious threat to the future GK road bridge and to nearby infrastructure and settlements. We discuss these issues and eventually propose new technical, more sustainable solutions (e.g., fords).