Correlations in Perturbed Dual-Unitary Circuits: Efficient Path-Integral Formula

Abstract

Interacting many-body systems with explicitly accessible spatio-temporal correlation functions are extremely rare, especially in the absence of integrability. Recently, we identified a remarkable class of such systems and termed them dual-unitary quantum circuits. These are brick-wall type local quantum circuits whose dynamics are unitary in both time and space. For these systems the spatio-temporal correlation functions are non-trivial only at the edge of the causal light cone and can be computed in terms of one-dimensional transfer matrices. Dual-unitarity, however, requires fine-tuning and the degree of generality of the observed dynamical features remained unclear. Here we address this question by introducing perturbations. First we show that if the deviation from dual-unitarity is random and independently distributed at each space-time point, dynamical correlations maintain the dual-unitary form. Then, considering fixed perturbations, we prove that for a particular class of unperturbed elementary dual-unitary gates the correlation functions are still expressed in terms of one-dimensional transfer matrices. These matrices, however, are now contracted over generic paths connecting the origin to a fixed end point inside the causal light cone. The correlation function is given as a sum over all such paths. Our statement is rigours in the "dilute limit", where only a small fraction of the gates is perturbed, and in the presence of random longitudinal fields, but we provide theoretical arguments and stringent numerical checks supporting its validity even in the clean case and when all gates are perturbed. As a byproduct, in the case of random longitudinal fields -- which turns out to be equivalent to classical Markov circuits -- we find four types of non-dual-unitary interacting many-body systems where the correlation functions are exactly given by the path-sum formula.