Molecular identification and phylogeography of Gonipterus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Brazil

Abstract

The identification of the Gonipterus scutellatus complex species, known as the eucalyptus snout beetle, remained confusing for several years worldwide. Currently, the species Gonipterus platensis and Gonipterus pulverulentus are cited as present in Brazil. However, precise Gonipterus species identification, geographic distribution and economic importance in Brazil are unknown. Thus, our objectives were (i) to confirm the identification of Gonipterus species from different localities in Brazil using the sequencing of COI gene fragment, (ii) design a specific multiplex PCR marker for rapid molecular identification of Gonipterus species present in Brazil and (iii) apply a phylogeographic approach to assess the genetic diversity, demographic parameters and genetic structure of G. platensis population in Brazil. We confirmed the presence of G. platensis and G. pulverulentus in Brazilian territory. The species show different distribution, where G. platensis is widely distributed and G. pulverulentus is restricted to the south region. Gonipterus platensis populations are in spatial expansion, probably associated with the growth of Eucalyptus-cultivated areas in Brazilian territory. Significant regional genetic population structure reinforces that the long dispersion processes of G. platensis within Brazilian territory is mediated by human activities. Thus, quarantine practices must be maintained and implemented to prevent new domestic and international introductions of Gonipterus specimens in Eucalyptus fields in Brazil.