D-cysteine is an endogenous regulator of neural progenitor cell dynamics in the mammalian brain

Abstract

Significance d-amino acids are increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules in the mammalian central nervous system. Cysteine is the amino acid with the fastest in vitro spontaneous racemization rate, but its d-stereoisomer has not been examined. Here, we establish the presence of endogenous d-cysteine in the mammalian brain. Using sensitive and specific assays, we delineate its actions as a negative regulator of growth factor signaling during cortical development and identify a putative binding partner mediating these effects. By describing the newest member of the d-amino acid family, we open an avenue of research into the functions of these multifaceted signaling molecules. d-amino acids are increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules in the mammalian central nervous system. However, the d-stereoisomer of the amino acid with the fastest spontaneous racemization ratein vitro in vitro, cysteine, has not been examined in mammals. Using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and a stereospecific luciferase assay, we identify endogenous d-cysteine in the mammalian brain. We identify serine racemase (SR), which generates the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor coagonist d-serine, as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for d-cysteine. d-cysteine is enriched more than 20-fold in the embryonic mouse brain compared with the adult brain. d-cysteine reduces the proliferation of cultured mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by ∼50%, effects not shared with d-serine or l-cysteine. The antiproliferative effect of d-cysteine is mediated by the transcription factors FoxO1 and FoxO3a. The selective influence of d-cysteine on NPC proliferation is reflected in overgrowth and aberrant lamination of the cerebral cortex in neonatal SR knockout mice. Finally, we perform an unbiased screen for d-cysteine–binding proteins in NPCs by immunoprecipitation with a d-cysteine–specific antibody followed by mass spectrometry. This approach identifies myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) as a putative d-cysteine–binding protein. Together, these results establish endogenous mammalian d-cysteine and implicate it as a physiologic regulator of NPC homeostasis in the developing brain.