On Negative Energies, Strings, Branes, and Braneworlds: A Review of Novel Approaches

Abstract

On the way towards quantum gravity and the unification of interaction, several ideas have been rejected and avenues avoided because they were perceived as physically unviable. But in the literature there are works in which it was found the contrary, namely that those rejected topics make sense after all. Such topics, reviewed in this article, are negative energies occurring in higher derivative theories and ultrahyperbolic spaces, ordering ambiguity of operators in curved spaces, the vast landscape of possible compactifications of extra dimensions in string theory, and quantization of a 3-brane in braneworld scenarios.