Experience with Interface Shear Box Testing for Pipe-Soil Interaction Assessment on Sand

Z. Westgate, R. Argiolas, R. Wallerand, J. Ballard
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Abstract

This paper is a companion paper to OTC 28671, titled "Experience with Interface Shear Box Testing for Axial Pipe-Soil Interaction Assessment on Soft Clay", and presents a similar range of experience and best practice recommendations for geotechnical laboratory testing to determine soil properties relevant to pipeline-seabed friction on sandy seabeds. The paper is underpinned by a new database that demonstrates the driving parameters that influence interface friction in granular materials. By accurately quantifying shear resistance along the pipe-soil interface under low normal stresses imposed by subsea pipelines, design ranges in friction can be narrowed and/or tailored to specific pipeline conditions. These improved geotechnical inputs to pipe-soil interaction can alleviate unnecessary axial expansion mitigation and lateral stabilization measures, unlocking cost savings otherwise unavailable through conventional testing. A large database is presented, compiled from both previously published research and unpublished recent industry experience with low normal stress interface shear testing using various modified direct shear box devices. The test database comprises several coarse-grained soil types of both silica and carbonate minerology tested against pipeline coatings of various material, hardness and roughness. The database populates a framework for assessing frictional pipe-soil interaction response, illuminating key trends from normal stress, interface roughness and hardness, and particle angularity, which otherwise remain elusive when examined through individual test datasets. This database and the populated framework provides guidance to pipeline and geotechnical engineers in the form of a basis for initial estimates of axial and lateral friction of pipelines on sand and an approach for improving these estimates via focused site-specific testing. The test database includes previously unreleased project data collected over the past few years for offshore oil and gas projects. Similar to its predecessor paper on soft clays (OTC 28671), this paper shares the authors’ collective experience providing guidance on the planning, execution and interpretation of low stress interface shear tests in sands. The combined databases across both papers provide a significant improvement in early stage guidance for characterization of geotechnical soil properties for subsea pipeline design.
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砂管-土相互作用评价界面剪切箱试验经验
这篇论文是OTC 28671的附属论文,题为“在软粘土上进行轴向管道-土壤相互作用评估的界面剪切箱试验的经验”,并为岩土工程实验室测试提供了类似的经验和最佳实践建议,以确定砂质海床上管道-海底摩擦相关的土壤特性。该论文的基础是一个新的数据库,该数据库展示了影响颗粒材料界面摩擦的驱动参数。在海底管道施加的低法向应力下,通过精确量化管道-土壤界面的剪切阻力,可以缩小摩擦的设计范围,并/或根据特定的管道条件进行调整。这些改进的管道-土壤相互作用的岩土技术投入可以减轻不必要的轴向膨胀缓解和横向稳定措施,从而节省了传统测试无法实现的成本。本文介绍了一个大型数据库,该数据库由以前发表的研究和未发表的近期行业经验汇编而成,这些经验使用各种改进的直剪箱设备进行低法向应力界面剪切测试。测试数据库包括几种粗粒度土壤类型,包括二氧化硅和碳酸盐矿物学,测试了不同材料,硬度和粗糙度的管道涂层。该数据库填充了一个评估管道-土壤摩擦相互作用响应的框架,阐明了法向应力、界面粗糙度和硬度以及颗粒角度的关键趋势,否则通过单个测试数据集进行检查时仍然难以捉摸。该数据库和填充框架为管道和岩土工程工程师提供了指导,为初步估计管道在沙子上的轴向和横向摩擦提供了基础,并为通过特定地点的重点测试改进这些估计提供了方法。测试数据库包括过去几年为海上油气项目收集的未发布的项目数据。与前一篇关于软粘土的论文(OTC 28671)类似,本文分享了作者的集体经验,为砂土低应力界面剪切试验的规划、执行和解释提供了指导。两篇论文中的综合数据库为海底管道设计的岩土土特性特征的早期指导提供了显著的改进。
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