Aberrant Overexpression of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein k in Urinary Bladder Cancer Neoplasms

Abstract

Bladder cancer continues to represent a major health threat, considering the fact that it is one of the major foundations of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly 429,800 new incidence cases and 165,100 deaths per year, it is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in the urological system and is considered as the fourth most prevalent neoplasm in males [1,2]. In Egypt, bladder malignancies are the most common among urinary system malignant tumors (90.71%) and the third among all malignancies [3]. Bladder cancer encompasses a wide spectrum of malignancies; yet its main histological type is urothelial carcinoma, which mostly develops along two main, largely independent but rather overlapping biological pathways, commonly known as papillary and non-papillary tumors. Where, papillary tumors are usually instigated by the dispersal of flat hyperplastic urothelial alterations, also termed low-grade intraurothelial neoplasia, and are characterized by superficial non-invasive papillary protrusions [4]. Although it is very unlikely for these tumors to metastasize, they have a significantly high recurrence propensity. Whereas, Non-papillary tumors develop from Maneoplasia. Non-papillary carcinomas are usually characterized by their aggressive invasion through the bladder wall and their ability to metastasize to regional lymph [5].