Gas Hydrate Prospecting and Characterization

D. McConnell
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Abstract

Data acquired from major gas hydrate field programs over the past 20 years has led to much better understanding of the distribution of gas hydrate on the continental margins and how to detect them. Gas hydrate systems are extensions of the conventional hydrocarbon system but are much more closely related to biogenic gas systems. The temperatures at which most biogenic gas is generated is mostly below the base of gas hydrate stability which means that most biogenic gas has to migrate into the gas hydrate stability zone and has to be at levels in excess of solubility for gas hydrates to form. Gas hydrates had been considered ‘self-sealing’ but evidence from pressure cores and laboratory experiments indicate that gas hydrate deposits may need local seals. Detection of gas hydrates though seismic and other remote sensing methods has been demonstrated through drilling and coring programs. The GC955 site in the Gulf of Mexico is used as an example to demonstrate exploration concepts, through basin models, seismic detection, and drilling and coring results. Data from other locations are also discussed. A review of remote sensing data that could be used to delineate and quantify gas hydrate deposits is presented with an emphasis on low frequency exploration 3D seismic for imaging gas hydrate deposits at the base of gas hydrate stability.
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天然气水合物勘探与表征
在过去的20年里,从主要的天然气水合物项目中获得的数据使人们对大陆边缘天然气水合物的分布以及如何探测它们有了更好的了解。天然气水合物系统是常规烃类系统的延伸,但与生物气系统的关系更为密切。大多数生物气产生的温度大多低于天然气水合物稳定的基础,这意味着大多数生物气必须迁移到天然气水合物稳定区,并且必须处于超过溶解度的水平才能形成天然气水合物。天然气水合物被认为是“自密封”的,但来自压力岩心和实验室实验的证据表明,天然气水合物矿床可能需要局部密封。利用地震和其他遥感方法探测天然气水合物已经通过钻井和取心程序得到了验证。以墨西哥湾的GC955油田为例,通过盆地模型、地震探测和钻井取芯结果,展示了勘探概念。还讨论了其他地点的数据。综述了近年来用于天然气水合物圈定和量化的遥感数据,重点介绍了在天然气水合物稳定性基础上的低频勘探三维地震成像技术。
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