Spasticity - a result of central nervous system injury

Abstract

Introduction. Spasticity is an interrupted or constant hyperactivity of the sceletal muscles, caused by lesion of the upper motor neuron. The aim of this article was to gather scientifically and clinically important data about spasticity. Morpho-functional basis on which spasticity originates. The spasm is motoric disorder in which an increased muscle tone is present (especially of antigravity muscles), with slower movements and tendency of appearing moderate atrophy and contractures. Etiology. Spasticity may be caused by stroke; demyelinating diseases (sclerosis multiplex, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); cerebral palsy; tumors; brain and spinal cord damage (trauma, ischemia, surgical intervention); other neurodegenerative diseases. Symptoms. There are a number of symptoms: increased muscle tone, joint stiffness, overactive reflexes, involuntary jerky movements, which may include spasms and clonus, pain, decreased functional abilities and delayed motor development, difficulty with care and hygiene, unusual posture, abnormal positioning of fingers, wrists, arms, or shoulders, contractures or muscle tightness. Management of spasticity- therapeutic treatment: physical therapy and rehabilitation, medicamentous and surgical treatment. Conclusion. Spasticity is a complex phenomenon with constant hyperactivity of the sceletal muscles, it is one component of upper motoneuron syndrome and many neurological diseases and disorders. Therapeutic treatment of spasticity should be highly specific, individualized, multidisciplinar and conducted carefully, controlled with the purpose of functional improvement and pain relief. It is significant to know that sometimes spasticity is useful and should not be removed. There is a need for standardized protocols for 'best practice' in management of spasticity.