Ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine diseases

Abstract

The review provides a detailed description of ophthalmic disorders associated with the most common endocrine diseases — diabetes mellitus, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, chronic adrenal insufficiency, Cushing syndrome, and obesity. Specific characteristics of ocular disorders co-occurring with these diseases are highlighted in the article. In diabetes mellitus, there is a lesion of both the periorbital region — inflammatory processes of the eyelids and conjunctiva, xanthelasm of the eyelids, and intraocular structures — the retina, macula, lens and cornea. Ophthalmological changes in thyroid pathology are manifested by a combination of various "ocular" symptoms, the most famous of which are exophthalmos, dilation of the ocular slit, eye shine, convergence disorder. However, the first complaints of patients may be unstable diplopia, swelling of the eyelids (mainly in the morning), a feeling of "clogging", dryness, lacrimation and/or photophobia, spontaneous retrobulbar pain, pain when moving the eyes, redness of the eyelids, conjunctival injection, redness and swelling of the semilunar fold and lacrimal meat, hyperpigmentation of the eyelids — a symptom Jellineka, swelling and meniscus-like drooping of the eyelids are a symptom of a Singer. Some endocrine diseases may cause symptomatic arterial hypertension, e.g. Cushing disease (syndrome), primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's disease), acromegaly, and pheochromocytoma. Early signs of the above diseases may include eye disorders which develop prior to other manifestations due to the onset of hypertensive retinopathy. The adequate assessment of the disorders of eyes and paraorbital tissues in patients with endocrine diseases may facilitate more accurate diagnosis and timely treatment. The publication could potentially benefit ophthalmologists, therapists, endocrinologists, pediatricians and general practitioners. Keywords: ophthalmic manifestations, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, endocrine diseases. For citation: Gazdanova A.A., Knyazeva S.A., Marakhovskaya A.A., Protopopova Yu.V., Sedova A.A., Rakhimov J.B., Salmanov A.F., Magomedova S.A. Ophthalmic manifestations of endocrine diseases. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2023;7(9) (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2023-7-9-4.