Critical reevaluation of an efficient sampling design for assessing soil properties using bootstrap sampling and geostatistical analysis in Japanese large-scale paddy fields

IF 1.9 4区 农林科学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Pub Date : 2022-07-17 DOI:10.1080/00380768.2022.2101864
Jinyun He, Xinbin Zhou, T. Matsui, Fusheng Li, Takashi S. T. Tanaka
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Abstract

ABSTRACT Soil test is a key step toward providing recommendations for better crop management. Several soil samples have been traditionally assumed to be sufficient for soil tests to represent field-specific values in conventional Japanese small-scale paddy fields. However, rethinking soil sampling design is required, as many small-scale (<0.3 ha) paddy fields have been consolidated into large-scale (>1 ha) paddy fields to enhance the efficiency of crop production. The purpose of this study is to explore an efficient soil sampling design, including sample size for representing field-specific values and sampling distance for representing spatial variations, in central Japan using bootstrap sampling and geostatistical analysis. Fourteen soil properties were quantified from 553 samples, which was collected at a distance of 24.4 m on average in large-scale paddy fields with continuous rice cultivation and rotation of rice and upland crops (winter wheat and soybean). The results show that the conventional sampling size (n = 3 for each field) achieved mean estimation within 10% error with 95% confidence intervals only for pH and sand content in almost all fields; thus, an optimization of field-specific uniform liming rate is recommended for reducing cost. Geostatistical analysis shows that the recommended soil sampling distance should be 15–163 m, depending on specific soil properties. The results further show that it was difficult to obtain reliable estimates of exchangeable K and mineralizable N because of the high level of spatial uncertainty with high nugget variance. Thus, practitioners should note that the outcomes from soil tests inherently included fine-scale errors in available nutrient levels which may preclude rationale prescriptions. This study demonstrated that appropriate soil sampling design and the subsequent soil management can differ depending on specific soil properties in the actual farming scale of large-scale paddy fields.
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在日本大规模稻田中使用自举抽样和地质统计分析评估土壤性质的有效抽样设计的关键重新评价
土壤试验是为作物管理提供建议的关键步骤。传统上认为,在日本传统的小规模稻田中,几个土壤样品就足以进行土壤试验,以代表田间特定值。然而,重新思考土壤采样设计是必要的,因为许多小规模(1公顷)水田,以提高作物生产效率。本研究的目的是探索一种有效的土壤采样设计,包括代表特定领域值的样本量和代表空间变化的采样距离,在日本中部使用自举采样和地统计学分析。在水稻连作和旱作作物(冬小麦和大豆)轮作的大规模稻田中,以平均24.4 m的距离采集553个样品,对14个土壤性质进行了定量分析。结果表明,在几乎所有的油田中,常规的采样规模(每个油田n = 3)仅在pH和含沙量的95%置信区间内实现了误差在10%以内的平均估计;因此,为了降低成本,建议对特定领域的均匀石灰速率进行优化。地统计学分析表明,根据土壤的具体性质,建议土壤取样距离为15 ~ 163 m。结果进一步表明,由于高空间不确定性和高金块方差,难以获得可靠的交换态钾和矿化态氮的估计。因此,从业者应该注意到,土壤测试的结果固有地包括可用养分水平的精细尺度误差,这可能会排除基本原理处方。该研究表明,在大规模水田的实际耕作规模中,适当的土壤取样设计和后续的土壤管理可能会因具体的土壤性质而有所不同。
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来源期刊
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 农林科学-农艺学
CiteScore
4.80
自引率
15.00%
发文量
56
审稿时长
18-36 weeks
期刊介绍: Soil Science and Plant Nutrition is the official English journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (JSSSPN), and publishes original research and reviews in soil physics, chemistry and mineralogy; soil biology; plant nutrition; soil genesis, classification and survey; soil fertility; fertilizers and soil amendments; environment; socio cultural soil science. The Journal publishes full length papers, short papers, and reviews.
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